Immune System Pathophysiology, Exams of Nursing

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 NEWEST 2024

ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED

ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY

GRADED A+

1. What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response? a) To create immunity against pathogens b) To prevent the spread of infection c) To lyse foreign cell membranes d) To promote cellular apoptosis Answer: b) To prevent the spread of infection
2. Which cell type is predominantly involved in the acute inflammatory response? a) Eosinophils b) Basophils c) Neutrophils d) Lymphocytes Answer: c) Neutrophils
3. What factor leads to the redness and heat in inflamed tissue? a) Histamine release b) Increased blood flow c) Wound healing factors d) Decreased tissue perfusion Answer: b) Increased blood flow
4. What is a major systemic response to inflammation? a) Local swelling b) Pain at the injured site c) Fever d) Tissue necrosis Answer: c) Fever

5. Which plasma protein system is primarily responsible for clot formation? a) Complement system b) Coagulation system c) Kinin system d) Fibrinolytic system Answer: b) Coagulation system
6. Which cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? a) B cells b) Cytotoxic T cells c) Neutrophils d) Eosinophils Answer: a) B cells
7. What is the function of cytokines in the inflammatory process? a) Promote blood vessel dilation b) Regulate iron metabolism c) Facilitate apoptosis d) Activate B cells exclusively Answer: a) Promote blood vessel dilation
8. What is the role of macrophages in the healing process? a) They directly lyse pathogens b) They produce antibodies c) They clear debris and promote tissue repair d) They enhance vasodilation Answer: c) They clear debris and promote tissue repair

9. What term describes the accumulation of fluid in tissues during inflammation? a) Hemorrhage b) Edema c) Exudate d) Transudate Answer: b) Edema
10. What type of immunity is primarily mediated by antibodies? a) Cellular immunity b) Humoral immunity c) Innate immunity d) Passive immunity Answer: b) Humoral immunity
11. What is the early phase of wound healing characterized by? a) Granulation tissue formation b) Inflammatory response c) Epithelial regeneration d) Remodeling of connective tissue Answer: b) Inflammatory response
12. Which immune cells are mainly involved during the resolution phase of inflammation? a) Neutrophils b) Macrophages c) Basophils d) Eosinophils Answer: b) Macrophages
13. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for responses against parasites? a) IgG b) IgE c) IgM d) IgA Answer: b) IgE

14. What is the primary role of T helper cells? a) To directly kill infected cells b) To assist in activating B cells and other immune cells c) To produce antibodies d) To suppress immune responses Answer: b) To assist in activating B cells and other immune cells
15. Which of the following is a characteristic of the secondary immune response? a) It is faster than the primary response b) It involves only B cells c) Antibodies are produced in lower quantities d) It occurs exclusively in the lymph nodes Answer: a) It is faster than the primary response
16. What is the significance of CD4+ T cells in the immune response? a) They directly kill virus-infected cells b) They act as antigen-presenting cells c) They help regulate the immune response d) They produce antibodies Answer: c) They help regulate the immune response
17. Which of the following is a systemic manifestation of inflammation? a) Edema b) Redness c) Fever d) Pain Answer: c) Fever

18. What molecule acts as an opsonin in the immune response? a) IgE b) C3b c) IL- d) Histamine Answer: b) C3b
19. During which phase of wound healing does granulation tissue form? a) Hemostasis b) Inflammatory phase c) Proliferative phase d) Remodeling phase Answer: c) Proliferative phase
20. Which cytokine is primarily involved in promoting hematopoiesis? a) IL-1 b) IL- c) IL-3 d) TNF-alpha Answer: c) IL-
21. What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response? a) Antibody production b) Antigen presentation c) Cytotoxic activity d) Suppression of immune responses Answer: b) Antigen presentation
22. How do natural killer (NK) cells recognize their targets? a) By binding to antibodies b) By recognizing MHC class I molecules c) By detecting stress proteins on infected cells d) By chemotactic signals Answer: c) By detecting stress proteins on infected cells

23. Which immune cells are primarily responsible for the allergic response? a) B lymphocytes b) Eosinophils c) Basophils d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above
24. What is the first step in the complement cascade? a) Opsonization b) Inflammation c) Activation of C3 d) Cell lysis Answer: c) Activation of C
25. What is the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)? a) To enhance the immune response b) To kill infected cells c) To maintain tolerance to self-antigens d) To produce antibodies Answer: c) To maintain tolerance to self-antigens More Advanced Pathophysiology Questions:
26. How does the inflammatory phase of healing contribute to tissue regeneration? a) By recruiting immune cells b) By inducing apoptosis in debris c) By forming scar tissue d) By blocking blood flow Answer: a) By recruiting immune cells

27. Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in serum? a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG Answer: d) IgG
28. What process is primarily responsible for the clearance of pathogens by phagocytosis? a) Opsonization b) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity c) Complement activation d) Apoptosis Answer: a) Opsonization
29. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgG or IgM antibodies causing cell destruction? a) Type I hypersensitivity b) Type II hypersensitivity c) Type III hypersensitivity d) Type IV hypersensitivity Answer: b) Type II hypersensitivity
30. What is the primary function of memory B cells? a) To present antigens to T cells b) To produce antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen c) To regulate T cell activity d) To act as phagocytes Answer: b) To produce antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen

31. During an anaphylactic reaction, which substance is primarily responsible for vasodilation? a) Histamine b) Bradykinin c) Prostaglandins d) Cytokines Answer: a) Histamine
32. Which components are involved in the hypersensitivity reaction Type I? a) IgG b) IgM c) IgE d) IgA Answer: c) IgE
33. What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inflammation? a) Acts as an opsonin b) Serves as a marker for inflammation c) Enhances cell-mediated cytotoxicity d) Inhibits cytokine release Answer: b) Serves as a marker for inflammation
34. What characterizes the humoral immune response? a) Activation of T cells b) Antibody production by B cells c) Cytotoxic activity against infected cells d) Phagocytosis of pathogens Answer: b) Antibody production by B cells
35. What is the primary challenge in treating autoimmune diseases? a) Identifying pathogenic organisms b) Modulating the immune system without causing further

damage c) Isolating pathogens d) Promoting scar tissue formation Answer: b) Modulating the immune system without causing further damage

36. What type of antibodies would you expect to see elevated in a patient with a parasitic infection? a) IgG b) IgD c) IgE d) IgM Answer: c) IgE
37. In which phase of wound healing does collagen synthesis predominantly occur? a) Inflammatory phase b) Proliferative phase c) Maturation phase d) Hemostasis phase Answer: b) Proliferative phase
38. What type of vaccine contains a live but attenuated pathogen? a) Inactivated vaccine b) Subunit vaccine c) Live attenuated vaccine d) Toxoid vaccine Answer: c) Live attenuated vaccine
39. What term refers to the gradual loss of the immune response with age? a) Autoimmunity b) Immunosenescence c) Alloimmunity d) Hypersensitivity Answer: b) Immunosenescence
40. What medical protocol is most effective at managing chronic inflammation? a) Prolonged bed rest b) Regular physical activity and anti-inflammatory medication c)

Complete abstinence from physical activity d) Use of highly potent corticosteroids Answer: b) Regular physical activity and anti-inflammatory medication

41. What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune response? a) Cell lysis b) Cell signaling and regulation c) Antigen presentation d) Phagocytosis Answer: b) Cell signaling and regulation
42. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation? a) Persistent inflammation b) Tissue destruction c) Scarring d) Rapid infiltration of neutrophils Answer: d) Rapid infiltration of neutrophils
43. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by immune complex deposition? a) Type I b) Type II c) Type III d) Type IV Answer: c) Type III
44. What is the role of complement proteins in the immune response? a) Antigen recognition b) Neutralization of pathogens c) Enhanced phagocytosis and lysis of pathogens d) Both b and c Answer: d) Both b and c

45. Which of the following statements about apoptosis is true? a) It is a form of programmed cell death that often causes inflammation. b) It is characterized by cellular swelling and rupture. c) It plays a role in normal cellular turnover and development. d) It typically requires extensive immune involvement. Answer: c) It plays a role in normal cellular turnover and development.
46. Which type of immune memory provides long-lasting protection after vaccination? a) B memory cells b) T memory cells c) Both B and T memory cells d) Neither B nor T memory cells Answer: c) Both B and T memory cells
47. What do chemokines do in the inflammatory process? a) Promote cell lysis b) Activate complement c) Attract immune cells to sites of inflammation d) Induce apoptosis Answer: c) Attract immune cells to sites of inflammation
48. During healing by secondary intention, what prevents infection? a) Granulation tissue b) Ongoing inflammation c) Formation of a scab d) Angiogenesis Answer: a) Granulation tissue

49. What is a common feature of autoimmune diseases? a) Elevated levels of IgE b) Immune system attacking self-antigens c) Decreased levels of T cells d) Increased production of cytokines Answer: b) Immune system attacking self-antigens
50. IgA is predominant in which of the following body secretions? a) Blood serum b) Respiratory secretions c) Saliva and breast milk d) Both b and c Answer: d) Both b and c
51. What type of virus causes acute inflammation and healing responses? a) Oncogenic virus b) Retrovirus c) Adenovirus d) Any viral pathogen Answer: d) Any viral pathogen
52. T cell activation requires which of the following? a) Only antigen recognition b) Interaction with APCs and co-stimulatory signals c) The presence of antibodies d) Direct contact with pathogens Answer: b) Interaction with APCs and co-stimulatory signals
53. Which of the following is a feature of Type IV hypersensitivity? a) Immediate allergic responses b) T-cell mediated responses c) Antibody-mediated reactions d)

Dependent solely on complement activation Answer: b) T-cell mediated responses

54. In which phase of healing do fibroblasts play a crucial role? a) Inflammatory phase b) Proliferative phase c) Remodeling phase d) None of the above Answer: b) Proliferative phase
55. What is the major consequence of chronic inflammation? a) Reduced immune response b) Tissue destruction and fibrosis c) Hyperimmune response d) Complete restoration of tissue Answer: b) Tissue destruction and fibrosis
56. Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta? a) IgA b) IgE c) IgD d) IgG Answer: d) IgG
57. What cellular response is primarily activated in response to a viral infection? a) Humoral immunity b) Innate immunity c) Cytotoxic T cell response d) Phagocytosis Answer: c) Cytotoxic T cell response
58. What is the primary mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? a) Increase cytokine production b) Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)

enzymes c) Suppress immune cell proliferation d) Enhance phagocytosis Answer: b) Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes

59. What physiological change typically accompanies fever? a) Vasoconstriction b) Increased metabolic rate c) Decreased heart rate d) All of the above Answer: b) Increased metabolic rate
60. In the context of immunology, what is clonal selection? a) Selection of a single antibody for distribution b) Activation and proliferation of specific lymphocyte clones c) The process of antibody diversity d) The elimination of non-functional cells Answer: b) Activation and proliferation of specific lymphocyte clones Continuing Questions (61-200)
61. What type of cell is most effective in clearing viral infections? a) Macrophages b) Dendritic cells c) Cytotoxic T cells d) B cells Answer: c) Cytotoxic T cells
62. Which type of vaccine is made from inactivated pathogens? a) Live attenuated vaccine b) Killed vaccine c) Subunit vaccine d) Toxoid vaccine Answer: b) Killed vaccine

63. What is the primary role of CD8+ T cells? a) Activate B cells b) Regulate the immune response c) Directly kill infected cells d) Present antigens to T helper cells Answer: c) Directly kill infected cells
64. What is a common sign of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)? a) Localized pain b) Fever c) Edema d) Tissue necrosis Answer: b) Fever
65. What condition is caused by excess scar tissue formation? a) Keloid scars b) Hypertrophic scars c) Contractures d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above
66. What inflammatory mediator is responsible for the acute phase response in infections? a) Histamine b) Interleukin-1 (IL-1) c) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha) d) Both b and c Answer: d) Both b and c
67. Which type of T cell is primarily involved in mediating allergic reactions? a) Th b) Th2 c) Tc d) Treg Answer: b) Th

68. What factor is most responsible for the formation of pus in infections? a) Lipopolysaccharides b) Neutrophils c) Eosinophils d) Monocytes Answer: b) Neutrophils
69. Which of the following processes best describes the role of integrins during inflammation? a) Promoting cell apoptosis b) Facilitating leukocyte adhesion and migration c) Enhancing pathogen lysis d) Activating the complement pathway Answer: b) Facilitating leukocyte adhesion and migration
70. Which cell type is primarily involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions? a) T helper cells b) Mast cells c) Cytotoxic T cells d) B lymphocytes Answer: b) Mast cells
71. What is the molecular mechanism by which corticosteroids exert their anti- inflammatory effects? a) Inhibition of cytokine synthesis b) Enhancement of arachidonic acid metabolism c) Stimulation of cell proliferation d) Direct neutralization of pathogens Answer: a) Inhibition of cytokine synthesis

72. Which cytokine is known for its role in promoting inflammation and activating immune cells? a) IL-10 b) IL-4 c) TNF-alpha d) TGF-beta Answer: c) TNF-alpha
73. What is the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response? a) Transport nutrients to tissues b) Drain excess fluid from tissues c) Filter pathogens and facilitate antigen presentation d) Both b and c Answer: d) Both b and c
74. In what type of hypersensitivity reaction can both antibodies and T cells be involved? a) Type I b) Type II c) Type III d) Type IV Answer: d) Type IV
75. What effect does histamine have during an immune response? a) Bronchoconstriction b) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability c) Increased heart rate d) Inhibition of cytokine production Answer: b) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
76. Which of the following best describes the concept of 'autoimmunity'? a) Excessive immune response to external antigens b) Immune response directed against

self-antigens c) Inadequate immune response to pathogens d) Immune deficiency Answer: b) Immune response directed against self-antigens

77. What is the most common type of antigen encountered by the immune system? a) Self-antigens b) Autoantibodies c) Non-self antigens from pathogens d) Toxins Answer: c) Non-self antigens from pathogens
78. What is the function of the high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymph nodes? a) Facilitate fluid drainage from lymphatic vessels b) Allow naive lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes c) Promote antigen presentation by macrophages d) Initiate the adaptive immune response Answer: b) Allow naive lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes
79. What happens during the process of diapedesis? a) Phagocytes engulf pathogens b) Leukocytes exit the bloodstream to enter tissues c) Immune cells proliferate at the site of infection d) Antibodies are produced Answer: b) Leukocytes exit the bloodstream to enter tissues
80. Which feature distinguishes Type I hypersensitivity reactions? a) Delayed onset b) Involvement of T cells c) IgE mediation and immediate response d) Tissue-specific

targeting Answer: c) IgE mediation and immediate response

81. What is the primary role of eosinophils during allergic reactions? a) Antigen presentation b) Phagocytosis c) Defense against parasitic infections and modulation of allergic responses d) Cytotoxic activity Answer: c) Defense against parasitic infections and modulation of allergic responses
82. What is typically observed during localized inflammation? a) Uniform swelling throughout the body b) Increased blood flow and immune cell infiltration c) Fever and chills d) Decreased vascular permeability Answer: b) Increased blood flow and immune cell infiltration
83. In which of the following conditions is the complement system most crucial? a) Intracellular pathogen infections b) Allergic reactions c) Autoimmunity d) Bacterial infections Answer: d) Bacterial infections

84. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for downregulating the immune response? a) IL-10 b) TNF-alpha c) IL-1 d) IL- Answer: a) IL-
85. Which condition is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that target nuclear components? a) Rheumatoid arthritis b) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) c) Hashimoto's thyroiditis d) Type I diabetes Answer: b) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
86. What is the purpose of using vaccines? a) To directly kill pathogens b) To induce immunity without causing disease c) To enhance the inflammatory response d) To provide immediate protection against infections Answer: b) To induce immunity without causing disease
87. What characteristic distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity? a) Duration of protection b) Method of acquisition c) Type of immune cells involved d) Differences in effectiveness Answer: b) Method of acquisition

88. Cellular immunity is primarily mediated by: a) Antibodies b) Cytokines c) T lymphocytes d) Complement proteins Answer: c) T lymphocytes
89. What signals the initiation of the acute inflammatory response? a) Cytokine release b) Increased blood flow c) Pathogen invasion d) Tissue damage Answer: d) Tissue damage
90. Which cell type is specifically targeted by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)? a) B cells b) Neutrophils c) CD4+ T helper cells d) Cytotoxic T cells Answer: c) CD4+ T helper cells
91. How does the body typically respond to a viral infection? a) Immediate production of antibodies b) Activation of T cells and production of interferon c) Non-specific inflammation d) Increased production of neutrophils Answer: b) Activation of T cells and production of interferon
92. What is the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) during an infection? a) It promotes lymphocyte activation and differentiation. b) It inhibits inflammatory responses. c) It

decreases fever. d) It primarily assists in T regulatory cell function. Answer: a) It promotes lymphocyte activation and differentiation.

93. Which factor is primarily responsible for initiating vasodilation during inflammation? a) Prostaglandins b) Leukotrienes c) Histamine d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above
94. What is the primary target of antibodies produced in response to bacterial antigens? a) Viral particles b) Bacterial toxins c) Bacterial cell walls d) Both b and c Answer: d) Both b and c
95. During which phase of wound healing does collagen deposition occur? a) Inflammatory phase b) Proliferative phase c) Maturation phase d) Hemostasis phase Answer: b) Proliferative phase
96. What type of antigen would a helper T cell respond to? a) Intracellular antigens presented on MHC class I b) Extracellular antigens presented on MHC class II c) Endogenous antigens d) None of the above Answer: b) Extracellular antigens presented on MHC class II

97. Which cytokine is known for promoting Th1 cell differentiation? a) IL-4 b) IL-5 c) IFN-gamma d) TNF-alpha Answer: c) IFN-gamma
98. What is the critical role of neutrophils during the acute phase of inflammation? a) To form antibodies b) To facilitate apoptosis c) To phagocytize pathogens d) To produce proinflammatory cytokines Answer: c) To phagocytize pathogens
99. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for memory in the adaptive immune response? a) Neutrophils b) B cells c) T helper cells d) Eosinophils Answer: b) B cells
100. What is the effect of increased vascular permeability during inflammation? a) Reduced blood flow to the area b) Increased fluid and protein leakage into surrounding tissues c) Decreased leukocyte migration d) Delayed tissue repair Answer: b) Increased fluid and protein leakage into surrounding tissues

101. Which process is primarily responsible for tissue remodeling during wound healing? a) Angiogenesis b) Apoptosis c) Collagen synthesis and degradation d) Inflammation Answer: c) Collagen synthesis and degradation
102. What does a high level of C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate? a) Low-level inflammation b) Active infection or inflammatory conditions c) Immune deficiency d) All of the above Answer: b) Active infection or inflammatory conditions
103. What immune response is stimulated by vaccinations? a) Primary immune response b) Secondary immune response c) Innate immune response d) Passive immune response Answer: a) Primary immune response
104. What type of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions? a) IgG b) IgE c) IgM d) IgA Answer: b) IgE

105. How does the body clear apoptotic cells? a) Through phagocytosis by macrophages b) By activating complement c) By creating antibodies d) Through necrosis Answer: a) Through phagocytosis by macrophages
106. What is the typical time frame for the appearance of antibodies after initial exposure to an antigen? a) 1 day b) 3-5 days c) 7-14 days d) 21 days Answer: c) 7-14 days
107. Which cell type primarily functions in the elimination of tumor cells? a) B lymphocytes b) Natural killer cells c) Macrophages d) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Answer: b) Natural killer cells
108. What characterizes the response of the innate immune system? a) Specific recognition of pathogens b) Rapid response c) Memory formation d) Activation of T and B lymphocytes Answer: b) Rapid response
109. What role do toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in the immune response? a) Promote antibody synthesis b) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns