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Immunology Lecture Notes latest/updated
/comprehensive/24/
1.Immunology is the study of...: Immunity 2.Immunity is the...: Protection from infectious disease caused by pathogens
- The immune system is comprised of an...: Organized group, or network, of cells and their products that serve to protect the body from invading pathogens 4.Invading pathogens include...: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
- What are the two criteria that determines if an organism or agent is infec- tious?: 1. Transmissability from an old host to new host
- Will increase in number in the new host
- Pathogens can invade cells and reproduce within them, while some can...This is the difference between...and...pathogens: Remain outside of the cell but invade the tissues; Intracellular; Extracellular
- What are the types of immune responses/ reactions to an infection?:
- Innate immune response
- Adaptive immune response
- What are, classically, the two arms of the immune system?: Humoral and cellular
- Humoral immunity is mediated by...: Specific antibodies produced by plasma cells 10.Cellular immunity is mediated by...: Sensitized T cells 11.What are the two stages of the adapative immune response?: 1. Recognition
- Response
- Effector and memory 12.Innate immune response: A quick, general immune response that all living things are born with. 13.Adaptive immune response: The response of antigen-specific B and T lym- phocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory. 14.Adapative immune response (says immunity on the notes but he said adaptive immune response in class) has what two hallmarks?: 1. Specificity
- Memory 15.Specificity of immune response: Responses are against a specific
22.Memory B cells: Produced during a B cell response, but are not involved in antibody producing during the initial infection; are held in reserve for the rest of your life in case you encounter that pathogen again. 23.T cells: Cells created in the thymus that produce substances (antibodies) that attack infected cells in the body. 24.Clonal selection theory: A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune maturation.
25. A single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of , each with a different. Removal of potentially immature lymphocytes by...: Lymphocytes; specificity; self-reactive; clonal deletion 26. A pool of mature naive lymphocytes when coming into contact with a , will result in the and of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells.: foreign antigen; proliferation; differentiation 27. An antigen will be recognized by and will result in the activation of a which results in what two steps?: Resting B-cell; clonal
proliferation; differentiation 28.Differentation of a resting B-cell produces what two types of cells?: Plasma cells and Memory B-cells 29.Plasma cells produce...which recognize and bind to an antigen which is a...: Antigen-specific antibodies; flagging target 30.When an antigen is expressed on a cell surface with a it willl result in an...which may be a...: Antigen; MHC; antigen presenting cell 31.An antigen presenting cell can be recognized by and activate a resting... which will result in what two steps?: Resting TH-cell; clonal proliferation and differentation 32.A Resting Th cell may produce through differentiation what two types of cells?: Effector Th cells and Memory Th cells 33.Effector TH cells secrete...which help to activate... and promote...: Cy- tokines; resting TH cells and B cells; clonal proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells as well as the production of antigen- specific antibodies by plasma cells 34.Serum is a...: Straw colored fluid devoid of clotting factor and cells 35.How do you obtain serum?: After collection, put the whole blood into a tube
other and form an when they come together.: Heavy; light; identical; antigen binding site 44.Antibodies circulate in...and...: Blood; Lymph 45.Antigen (Ag) describes a biological molecule (mostly protein) that com- bines with a/the product of an , such as an...: Immune response; antibody 46.Fc region: IN an antibody molecule, the stem where the two heavy chains come together; many cells have receptors for this portion of the antibody, adding functionality to these molecules 47.If you wait after injecting Antigen A, you will have the maximum concentration of...: two weeks; Antigen A antibody 48.A paradigm is...: The governing theory of any discipline 49.For Biology, thre paradigm (aka governing theory) is the...: Theory of organ- ic evolution 50.The immune system is made of lymphocytes/ which is a subset of...: Leukocytes; white blood cells 51.What are the 2 subpopulations of lymphocytes?: B-lymphocytes and T- lym- phocytes 52.B-lymphocytes (B-cells) are dervied from...: Bone marrow
53.Each lymphocyte has a specific...: Antigen receptor 54.T-cell receptor (TCR): Antigen receptors on a T cell. Unlike antibodies, T cell receptors are never produced in a secreted form. I think it's just two heavy chains. 55.B-cell receptor: The antigen receptor on B cells: a Y-Shaped, membrane-bound molecule consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bridges and containing two antigen-binding sites. 56.Multiple copies of T-cell and B-cell receptors are expressed on the cell surface of...: Lymphocytes 57.Effector cells die out after days while a memory cell can live for...: 10- 14 days; Years and years 58.What is the order of efficiency in populations of APC (antigen presenting cells)? From most to least.: Dendritic cells, macrophages, then B cells 59.MHC: Major histocompatibility complex (is a highly polymorphic (Allotypic poly- morphism ) locus on a chromosome comprised of multiple genes encoding histo- compatibility antigens that play critical roles in recognition of "self" vs. "non-self" and regulation of interactions
cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, and macrophages) 67.Another term for granulocytes is...: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Or PML) 68.Monocytes circulate in bloof and take residence in tissues where they develop into...: Macrophages 69.Myeloid: derived from bone marrow 70.Lymphoid: derived from lymph tissue 71.Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are derived from bone marrow and become common or progenitors.: Lymphoid; myeloid 72.Common myeloid progenitor: Stem cells that can give rise to the myeloid cells of the immune system— macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells of the innate immune system. This stem cell also gives rise to megakaryocytes and red blood cells. 73.Megakaryocytes give rise to..: Platelets 74.Platelets function in: blood clotting 75.Macrophages participate in , will phagocytize pathogens and express the pathogens on its surface.: Phagocytosis 76.NK cells are...that function like...: Natural killer cells; T cells 77.MHC is a protein that presents information/displays antigens to...: T
cells or B cells 78.MHC plays a big role in immunity.: Innate 79.Dendritic cells have branches that give them a lot of...and thus can activate a lot of t cells at the same time. They can present antigens to t cells and are though to be more efficient than...: area; macrophages
80. Neutrophils are part of polymorphic granulocyte group and if stained will have a pale... appearance. They have little membrane bound structures called granules that contain...and peptides designed to kill phagocytized microbes.- : lilac; pharamacologically active compounds 81.What are the granulocytes or (PML) found in blood?: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes 82.Erythroblast: an immature red blood cell that gives rise to a mature one when in blood (currently in bone marrow) 83.Neutrophils play an important role in defending against...Will phagocytize bacteria, however it has the killing power of a and will...: bacterial infections; kamikaze; die by necrosis itself 84.phagocytize: ingest foreign particles and cells 85.Neutrophils are a component of the...: Innate immune system
other lymphocyte types. Side note is that plasma cells will eventually die while memory B-cells are long lived.: ER; secretory proteins; Ig 93.Memory CTLs: Protease; enters pores and induces apoptosis 94.CTL stands for...: Cytotoxic T cells 95.Memory CTLs function to kill virus-infected cells as well as...The immune system does engage in immune suppression to supress...: tumor cells; cancer cells 96.Th stands for...: T helper cells 97.Th cells can also become effector cells and memory cells but there is a bunch of different...: Sub populations 98.Differntial white blood cell counts are used to diagnose...In smears you count up cells and depending upon what type of cells you have a high count of, you can have insight on what type of infection a patient might have.: parasite infections 99.Lymphocytes which have a high potential for proliferation and others that have the same trait are likely to become. Cells like this include those of the...: Cancerous; Skin and lungs
- Where there are 2 or more lymph vessels coming together there is a lymph node surrounded by a...: Capsule, sinus, two afferent
vessels and one efferent vessel
- Marginal sinus is a location in a lymph node where...: T- Lymphocytes enter venous capillaries in the sinus and are circulated throughout the body
- Lymph node capsule: Dense connective tissue that extends into and covers the node
- The primary lymphoid follice contains mostly...The seocndary lymphoid follicle contains the...and the medullary cords contain...: B cells; germinal cen- ter; macrophages and palsma cells
- Afferent lymph vessels means that the...: Lymph flows in
- Reticular fiber network filters out antigens so that cells that are APC can take them up. RFN basically allows for interaction between...: Antigens, APCs, and cells which APCs present it to.
- Germinal centers indicate there is an...: Ongoing immune response under- way
- Germinal center: area found within the lymph node that produces the lympho- cytes
- If a lymph node is swelled up, a nearby...: Infection is indicated
- Macrophages have the activated function of...They present...:
- Lymph node: a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease
- Lymph nodes carry...: Watery fluid from the tissues to be recirculated.
- Lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via the...naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from...And antigens from the sites of infection reach lymph nodes via...: Thoracic duct; blood; lymphatics
- Lymphatics: General term used to designate lymphatic vessels.
- Thoracic duct: receives and drains lymph from the rest of the body
- Red pulp: the region of the spleen which consist of red blood cells and various white blood cells
- White pulp: lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery
- Spleen: Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells
- The spleen consists of what zones?: PFZ, MZ, PALS, GC, RP, and Co
- Perifollicular zone: -between red & white pulp -connects both functions
- Marginal zone: Area of lymphoid tissue lying at the border of the white pulp in the spleen
- Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath: (PALS) Part of the inner region of the white pulp of the spleen; it contains mainly T cells.
- Red pulp: the region of the spleen composed of red blood cells and various white blood cells
- Follicular B-cell: in follicles of lymphoid organs. high affinity antibody response & make plasma cells (normal B cell)
- MALT: Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue; tissue in the mucous membranes that helps fight infection
- ICAMs are...: Intercellular adhesion molecules that are expressed on the sur- face of endothelial cells designed to trap WBC
- WBC's stick to endothelial cell surface, squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries & venules via...This is a/one way to recruit circulating WBCs into tissue.: ICAMs
- There is lots of sinuses and openings in the spleen that blood runs through. The job of the spleen is to...: Get rid of old blood cells
vac- cines
- Variolation: A method of introducing smallpox organisms into lesions scratched on the skin or inhalaed by the nasal cavity to enhance immunity
- In the which took place , Princess Caroline, daughter of King George the I of England and Lady Montagu did what?: Royal Experi- ment; from 1721 to 1722; inoculated six criminals with a mild strain of the smallpox virus by variolation
- What happened in the second phase of The Royal Experiment?: Princess Caroline recruited orphan children
- In ,, an English country physicians introduced cowpox vaccination.: 1788; Edward Jenner 148. Edward Jenner conducted a cowpox experiment with a/the milkmaid, , who was sick with cowpox, and took pus from her hand to inject it into the arm of eight-year-old before inoculating him with smallpox to test for immunity. He did this times to prove his point.: Sarah Nelms; James Phipps; 20
- Jenner called his techniquefrom the Latin word...: Vaccination; vacca meaning cow
- Smallpox was abolished from the face of the Earth in...: 1977
- In 1858 Pasteur proved that fermentation was due to yeast and intro- ducted the method of pasteurization. In 1864 he discredited spontaenous generation, and in Pasteur was very interested in...which he found to be caused by the causative agent later named...: 1878; Chicken cholera; Pasteurella multocida.
- Pasteur went on vacation while culturing the bacteria that cause chicken cholera and discovered that...leading him to...: The bacteria had been weakened so much that they were no longer fatal; inject the chickens a second time with some new culture and discovered they recovered
- Pasteur called the culture containing the weakened or attenuated bacte- rial "" and began a search for similar vaccines. Between 1879 and 1881 he developed vaccines against...and...: Vaccine; sheep anthrax; rabies
- Pasteur was too busy chasing germs and producing vaccines to wonder about the mechanism behind which these vaccines prevented disease. The first clue came in from the studies of...on...: 1988; Emile Roux and Alexander Yersin; diphtheria
