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Networking Concepts: Understanding Protocol Architecture, Layers, and Encapsulation, Slides of Internet and Information Access

Alagappa UniversityInternet and Information Access

An overview of important networking concepts, including protocol architecture, layers, encapsulation, and demultiplexing. It uses the example of sending a packet from argon to neon to explain these concepts in detail. The document also covers network abstractions, communications architecture, and the functions of each layer in the tcp/ip protocol suite.

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Review of Important Networking
Concepts
1
Introductory material.
This module uses the example from the previous module to review
important networking concepts: protocol architecture, protocol layers,
encapsulation, demultiplexing, network abstractions.
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Download Networking Concepts: Understanding Protocol Architecture, Layers, and Encapsulation and more Slides Internet and Information Access in PDF only on Docsity!

Review of Important Networking

Concepts

1

Introductory material.

This module uses the example from the previous module to review

important networking concepts: protocol architecture, protocol layers,

encapsulation, demultiplexing, network abstractions.

Networking Concepts

• Protocol Architecture

• Protocol Layers

• Encapsulation

• Network Abstractions

2

Sending a packet from Argon to Neon

4

DNS: The IP address of “neon.tcpip-lab.edu” is 128.143.71.

ARP: What is the MAC address of 128.143.137.1?

DNS: What is the IP address

of “neon.tcpip-lab.eduARP: The MAC address of”?

128.143.137.1 is 00:e0:f9:23:a8:

128.143.71.21 is not on my local network.

Therefore, I need to send the packet to my

default gateway with address 128.143.137.

frame

128.143.71.21 is on my local network.

Therefore, I can send the packet directly.

ARP: The MAC address of 128.143.137.1 is 00:20:af:03:98:

ARP: What is the MAC address of 128.143.71.21?

frame

Communications Architecture

• The complexity of the communication task is

reduced by using multiple protocol layers:

  • Each protocol is implemented independently
  • Each protocol is responsible for a specific subtask
  • Protocols are grouped in a hierarchy

• A structured set of protocols is called a

communications architecture or protocol suite

5

Functions of the Layers

  • Data Link Layer:
    • Service: Reliable transfer of frames over a link

Media Access Control on a LAN

  • Functions: Framing, media access control, error checking
  • Network Layer:
  • Service: Move packets from source host to destination host
  • Functions: Routing, addressing
  • Transport Layer:
  • Service: Delivery of data between hosts
  • Functions: Connection establishment/termination, error

control, flow control

  • Application Layer:
    • Service: Application specific (delivery of email, retrieval of

HTML documents, reliable transfer of file)

  • Functions: Application specific

7

TCP/IP Suite and OSI Reference Model

Application Layer

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer (Data) Link Layer Physical Layer

Transport Layer Network Layer

OSI Reference Model

(Data) Link Layer

TCP/IP Suite

8

The TCP/IP protocol stack does not

define the lower layers of a complete

protocol stack

Layered Communications

• An entity of a particular layer can only

communicate with:

1. a peer layer entity using a common protocol

( Peer Protocol )

2. adjacent layers

to provide services and to receive

services

10

N+1 Layer Entity

N+1 Layer Entity

N+1 Layer Protocol N+1 Layer

N-1 Layer Entity

N-1 Layer Entity

N-1 Layer Protocol N-1 Layer

N Layer Entity

N Layer Entity

N Layer Protocol N Layer

layer N+1/N interface

layer N/N- interface

Layered Communications

A layer N+1 entity sees the lower layers only as a

service provider

11

Service Provider

N+1 Layer Entity

N+1 Layer Entity

N+1 Layer Peer Protocol

Request Delivery

Indicate Delivery

Exchange of Data

  • The unit of data send between peer entities is called a Protocol Data Unit

(PDU)

  • For now, let us think of a PDU as a single packet
  • Scenario: Layer-N at A sends a layer-N PDU to layer-N at B
  • What actually happens:
    • A’s layer-N passes the PDU to one the SAPs at layer-N-
    • Layer-N-1 entity at A constructs its own (layer-N-1) PDU which it sends to the layer-N-1 entity at B
    • PDU at layer-N-1 = layer-N-1 Header + layer –N PDU 13

N Layer Entity

PDU (at layer N)

N Layer Entity

A B

Exchange of Data

14

Layer-N Entity

N PDU

Layer- N- Entity

Layer-N PDU and control data is sent to SAP of Layer-N-

SAPs

control

control N PDU

Header (of layer N-1) N PDU

PDU of Layer-N-

Layer-N Entity

Layer- N- Entity

A B

Layers in the Example

16

HTTP

TCP

IP

argon.tcpip- lab.edu 128.143.137.

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet

IP

HTTP

TCP

IP

neon.tcpip-lab.edu 128.143.71.

Ethernet

router71.tcpip- lab.edu 128.143.137. 00:e0:f9:23:a8:

router137.tcpip- lab.edu 128.143.71.

Send HTTP Request to neon

Establish a connection to 128.143.71.21 at port 80Open TCP connection to 128.143.71.21 port 80

Send a datagram (which contains a connection request) to 128.143.71.21^ Send IP datagram to 128.143.71.

Send the datagram to 128.143.137.

Send Ethernet frame to 00:e0:f9:23:a8:

Send Ethernet frame to 00:20:af:03:98:

Send IP data-gram to 128.143.71.

Send the datagram

to 128.143.7.

Frame is an IP datagram

Frame is an IP datagram

IP datagram is a TCP segment for port 80

Layers and Services

• Service provided by TCP to HTTP:

– reliable transmission of data over a logical

connection

• Service provided by IP to TCP:

– unreliable transmission of IP datagrams across an

IP network

• Service provided by Ethernet to IP:

– transmission of a frame across an Ethernet

segment

17

Encapsulation and Demultiplexing

in our Example

• Let us look in detail at the Ethernet frame

between Argon and the Router, which

contains the TCP connection request to Neon.

• This is the frame in hexadecimal notation.

00e0 f923 a820 00a0 2471 e

0800 4500 002c 9d08 4000 8006

8bff 808f 8990 808f 4715 065b

0050 0009 465b 0000 0000 6002

19 Docsity.com

Ethereal

20