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Inductive Reasoning - Human Resource - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Resource Management

Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar UniversityHuman Resource Management

Human Resource is an integral part of Management Science. In these Lecture Slides of HRM, following key concepts are discussed : Inductive Reasoning, Induction, Generalize, Cases, Trunks, Elephants, Unreliable, Prove False, Negative Evidence, Driving Fast

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/26/2013

ramana
ramana 🇮🇳

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Inductive Reasoning
•Induction:
–generalize from cases seen to cases unseen
e.g. all elephants we have seen have trunks
therefore all elephants have trunks.
•Unreliable:
–can only prove false not true
… but useful!
•Humans not good at using negative evidence
e.g. Wason's cards.
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Inductive Reasoning

  • Induction:
    • generalize from cases seen to cases unseen e.g. all elephants we have seen have trunks therefore all elephants have trunks.
  • Unreliable:
    • can only prove false not true

… but useful!

  • Humans not good at using negative evidence

e.g. Wason's cards.

Wason's cards

Is this true?

How many cards do you need to turn over to find out?

…. and which cards?

If a card has a vowel on one side it has an even number on the other

7 E 4 K

Problem solving

  • Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task

using knowledge.

  • Several theories.
  • Gestalt
    • problem solving both productive and reproductive
    • productive draws on insight and restructuring of problem
    • attractive but not enough evidence to explain `insight' etc.
    • move away from behaviourism and led towards information processing theories

Problem solving (cont.)

Problem space theory

  • problem space comprises problem states
  • problem solving involves generating states using legal operators
  • heuristics may be employed to select operators e.g. means-ends analysis
  • operates within human information processing system e.g. STM limits etc.
  • largely applied to problem solving in well-defined areas e.g. puzzles rather than knowledge intensive areas

Errors and mental models

Types of error

  • slips
    • right intention, but failed to do it right
    • causes: poor physical skill,inattention etc.
    • change to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slip
  • mistakes
    • wrong intention
    • cause: incorrect understanding humans create mental models to explain behaviour. if wrong (different from actual system) errors can occur

Emotion

  • Various theories of how emotion works
    • James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli
    • Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
    • Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
  • Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and

physical responses to stimuli

Emotion (cont.)

  • Implications for interface design
    • stress will increase the difficulty of problem

solving

  • relaxed users will be more forgiving of

shortcomings in design

  • aesthetically pleasing and rewarding

interfaces will increase positive affect