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This comprehensive study guide explores key aspects of infant development, including attachment theory, the various patterns of attachment (secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant, and disorganized), and the role of caregivers. it delves into temperament, examining thomas and chess's nine temperament traits and their impact on child development. furthermore, it discusses the significance of peer relationships in the first years of life and the influence of fathers on child development. The guide also touches upon the challenges of multiple children and the effects of parental stress on caregiving quality. This resource is invaluable for students studying child psychology and development.
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Attachment vs. Bonding - answer -Attachment: enduring emotional tie between an infant & caregiver that develops over the first year Bonding: parent's initial tie to the newborn thought to emerge in the first few hours of life What infants do not become attached to their caregivers? - answer -ALL infants become attached to their caregivers. This includes infants: with down syndrome or developmental disabilities, who are blind or physically
disabled, who are abused/maltreated, who are adopted. 3 Hallmarks of the Development of Attachment: - answer -1) Separation Distress
because that is when infant locomotion/mobility begins. The "Strange Situation": - answer -Developed in 20th century; most influential way that we can test differences in infant attachment quality to a caregiver. -Caregiver present -Stranger enters -Caregiver leaves -Reunion of caregiver & infant 4 Patterns of Attachment: - answer -1) Secure
Anxious-avoidant Attachment: - answer -Infant readily separates from the caregiver but avoids contact after a reunion; can be comforted by stranger; ignores mother after reunion Anxious-resistant Attachment: - answer -Infant is not confident of the caregiver's availability and responsiveness and cannot use the caregiver as a secure base for exploration -Not easily consoled or comforted by mother; may raise arms to be picked up and then kick and push away after being picked up. Disorganized Attachment: - answer -Infant shows contradictory features of several patterns of anxious attachment or appears dazed and disoriented; displayed in infants who are MALTREATED Reactive Attachment Disorders (unhealthy attachments): - answer -1) Inhibited = Hypervigilance (alert or anxious about environment) & Withdrawn
Under-involving Parenting: - answer - Unresponsiveness and insensitive to infant cues Factors underlying Secure Attachment: - answer - Sensitive & consistent care; parents respond to cues appropriately and timely Factors underlying Anxious-avoidant Attachment: - answer -Over-involving parenting; intrusive & overstimulating Factors underlying Anxious-resistant Attachment: - answer -Under-involving parenting; unresponsive or inconsistent care Factors underlying Disorganized Attachment: - answer -Maltreatment or frightening and confusing caregiver behavior What affects the quality of caregiving? - answer -1) Amount of stress in caregiver's life
"Just for fun" play is more ___________ (fathers or mothers) - answer -fathers Physical/roughhousing is more ___________ (fathers or mothers) - answer -fathers Sex-role stereotypes is more ___________ (fathers or mothers) - answer -fathers; they discourage crossing over (like boys playing with Barbie dolls) Impact on play with peers: (Fathers) - answer -More noticeable with boys; the rougher play that fathers engage in is believed to motivate competitive nature play that is in preschool Attachments are multiple and _________ - answer - hierarchical Father Involvement - answer -Predictability: Father & infant expect a routine (bath time, feeding, diaper changing, etc.)
Set Apart Time: Father's time with the infant Safety vs. Mother's Ideal - answer -Safety: Mothers may have more experience doing a task & feel more confident/comfortable performing it Mother's Ideal: How the mother wants something to be done yet there are other ways of executing task that will not put baby in harm's way Amount vs. Quality of contact with non-custodial parent - answer -Quality is more important Impact of portrayal of non-custodial parent: - answer - Negative feelings involved in split household Short-term: may impact negative words/feelings of child Long-term: come back & hurt the person who is doing the negative talk
a toddler. (Toddler being helpful and independent, allowing the toddler to help in feeding, etc.) Peer Relationships in the 1st year: - answer -2 mos.: look & stare at each other 3-4 mos.: reach/touch each other 6 mos.: mutual smiling/vocalization 12 mos.: turn-taking 2 years: repetitive, reciprocal & cooperative patterns pf action (run & chase) Negative vs. Positive Peer Interactions - answer - Negative will increase at first then decrease when positive interactions increase Toddler Friendships: - answer -Playmate preferences in 2nd year of life Genuine friendships by 18 mos. of age Gender preferences
Challenges to adult authority - answer -14-24 months: amusement in forbidden behaviors Influences on willingness to interact with peers: - answer -Prior peer/sibling experience --> more willing Familiar setting & playmates Large toys promote ______________ while small toys promote ______________ - answer -social interaction; competition The absence of toys promotes _____________ - answer - social interaction Thomas & Chess: - answer -Observed that infants are born with different ways of interacting w/ each other and the world Mary Rothbart's definition of temperament: - answer - Temperament is...
Negative behavior to new experiences Slow adaptability Negative mood High intensity Difficult to manage At risk for adjustment problems -Anxious withdrawal -Aggressive behavior The Slow to Warm Up Child - answer -Intermediate/combination Biological functions may or may not be regular Negative mood Mild intensity Slow adaptability Gradual positive interest Often considered shy
Example of a not-so-good fit: - answer -Bold parent pushes shy child out from behind their legs; it increases anxiety levels in shy child; not the best fit Caring for the difficult child: - answer -Soothing activities Recognize cues Calm, clear, brief feedback to child Personal cool down zone ("difficult" children get over aroused) Caring for the slow to warm child: - answer -High routines/minimize transitions ("slow to warm" children thrive in predictable environments Transitions Discussing plans Prepare for transitions:
