Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology: A High School Biology Project, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biology

Download Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology: A High School Biology Project and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL

DOHA-QATAR

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

INFERTILITY:

CAUSES AND TREATMENT

IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL

P.O.BOX.

BIOLOGY PROJECT WORK DONE AND SUBMITTED BY

YASMIN MOHAMMED

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASS XII COURSE 2022 - 2023 SUPERVISED BY: MS. RUHINA TEACHER IN CHARGE IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL DOHA-QATAR SCHOOL SEAL

ACKNOWLDEGEMENT At this moment, I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards everyone who helped me in completing this project successfully. First and foremost, I thank the Almighty for providing me with all the ideas and facilities to accomplish this project. Secondly, I thank my family and friends for their support and encouragement in completing this project. Last but not the least, I thank my biology teacher, Ms. Ruhina , for her vital support and genuine guidance, without

which this project would have not been completed successfully.

INDEX

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. THEORY 7

3. EFFECTS 8

4. CAUSES 9 - 12

5. TYPES OF

INFERTILITY

6. TREATMENT 14 - 15

7. CONCLUSION^16

8. BIBILOGRAPHY 17

THEORY

Primary vs. Secondary Infertility

Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years, during which they have not used any contraceptives. The World Health Organization also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives. Thus, the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth.

EFFECTS

Psychological Impact

Infertility may have profound psychological effects. Partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing sexual dysfunction marital discord often develops in infertile couples, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Women trying to conceive often have clinical depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or cancer. Even couples undertaking IVF face considerable stress.

Social Impact

As for the social impact of infertility, in many cultures across our country, childless women face discrimination, ostracism and stigma if they fail to become pregnant or carry a baby to term. The situation is further worsened by the fact that such women face a lack of support, both emotionally from their own families and financially as well. Exposed to a tremendous social pressure, infertile couples may resort to hiding the problem due to the extreme privacy of the matter.

DNA Damage

• DNA damage reduces fertility in female oocytes, as caused by smoking.
• DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage, smoking. Or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.

General Factors

Diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease adrenal disease

• Hypothalamic-pituitary factors
• Hypopituitarism
• Environmental factors
• Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.

FEMALE The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced. For women, problems with fertilization arise mainly from either structural problem in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Another major cause of infertility in women may be the inability to ovulate. Other factors that can affect a woman's chances of conceiving include being overweight or underweight, or her age as female fertility declines after the age of 30. Sometimes it can be a combination of factors, and sometimes a clear cause is never established. Common causes of infertility of females include:

• Ovulation problems (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to an ovulatory infertility)
• Tubal blockage
• Age-related factors
• Uterine problems
• Endometriosis
• Advanced maternal age

COMBINED INFERTILITY

In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance.

UNEXPLAINED INFERTILITY

In these cases, abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, which it may not enter the fallopian tube, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails. It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization.

TREATMENT Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. If the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of the woman's reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of ovarian stimulating medication maybe used. The physician may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body. If conservative medical treatments fail to achieve a full-term pregnancy, the physician or may suggest the patient undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, and GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques.

CONCLUSION Infertility is a health problem of considerable socio-cultural and economic impact. It needs to be alleviated by several measures including health education, prevention, and early diagnosis and providing the patient with cost effective treatment including ART. History and physical examination usually will help to identify the reason behind the cause. If the patients fail the initial therapies, then the proper referral should be made to a reproductive specialist. It is also very important for both the individuals to take a proper care of their reproductive health and ensure that they are leading a healthy lifestyle so as to prevent any factors which makes it difficult especially for the women to conceive. WHO recognizes that the provision of high-quality services for family- planning, including fertility care services, as one of the core elements of reproductive health? Recognizing the impact of infertility on people’s quality of life and well-being thus becomes very important.

BIBILOGRAPHY Websites

• www. Biological science
• www. Exploring biology
• www. Tell me why
• www. Encyclopedia BOOKS NCERT XII