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ISQS 2340 Exam 1
Why is ISQS important? - Answer--Important contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, customer service and customer satisfaction. -supports effective decision making by managers -vital ingredient in developing competitive products -dynamic, rewarding, and challenging career opportunity -key component of the resources and infrastructure in today's business enterprises -major functional area important to business success Data - Answer-raw facts, by themselves not useful. Data processing - Answer-giving context to data and converting data into information Information - Answer-the interpretation of processed data in order to make better decisions
Characteristics - Answer-Accurate, complete, economical, flexible, reliable, relevant, simple, timely, verifiable. System - Answer-an organized collection of interrelated parts that work together to achieve a common purpose Systems have - Answer--Inputs -Processing Mechanism -Outputs -Feedback -Control A system has an objective, collection of parts, structure, performs a set of functions, and has a boundary Subsystem - Answer-Ex: (Of a system) University -> Business school -> Marketing. Simple vs. Complex Systems - Answer-Simple- Very few elements & components, relationship is simple. Complex- A system filled with many simple systems. A collection of simple systems is better than one, large complex system. Open vs. Closed Systems - Answer-Open- Everyone can use, don't have to have control of market (interact with other systems) Closed- Exclusive, not adoptable; only if you have control of market (no interaction)
Competitive advantage - Answer-is a significant and long term benefit to a company in relation to the competition Strategic Information Systems - Answer-any kind of IS that uses IT to gain competitive advantage Classes of Strategic Information Systems - Answer-EDP= Electronic Data Processing (automate repetitive task) MIS= Management Information Systems (reports) DSS= Decision Support Systems (predict organizational outcomes) EIS= Executive Information Systems (extension of DSS) Electronic Data Processing - Answer-is an organized collection of people, procedures, databases, and devices used to develop and distribute business transactions Management Information System - Answer-provide routine information to decision makers Decision Support System - Answer-support problem-specific decision making Expert System - Answer-generate expert advice or suggest a decision in an area Computer Literacy - Answer-knowledge of computer systems and equipment and how they function Information systems literacy - Answer-knowledge of how data and information are used by decision makers in an organized setting -understanding how and why technology is applied in business -understanding the information needs of the different levels of management
Information Handling - Answer-Data Gathering (searching through internet, databases, journals, interviews, questionnaires) Manipulation (copying data, storing it, moving it between application programs, changing the datas format) Analysis (requires the use of tools; Microsoft Excel and Access) Presentation (tools such as Microsoft Powerpoint, HTML editors, Web browsers are used to present the result of the analysis) Cost Leadership strategy use IT to - Answer--reduce the cost of business processes -reduce cost for customers or suppliers Differentiation strategy use IT features to - Answer--create new IT features to differentiate products and services -reduce the differentiation advantages of competitors -focus products and services at selected marked niches Innovation Strategy uses IT to - Answer-make radical changes to business processes (cut costs, improve quality, efficiency, or customer service) Growth Strategy uses IT to - Answer-manage global business strategies Alliance Strategy uses IT to - Answer-develop interenterprise IS linked by the internet Other Strategies Implemented with IT - Answer--Lock-in customers and suppliers by locking competitors out -Build switching costs (investments in IT make customers dependent) -Barries to entry (investments in IT discourage other companies from entering the market)
Virtual Company - Answer--uses IT to ling organizations, people, assets, and ideas -has alliances with business partners interlinked by the Internet forming a interenterprise **competes with vertical integration Vertical Integration - Answer-produce everything from scratch to finished goods. **competes with virtual company 1800's: Analytical Engine - Charles Babbage - Answer-Sign of first programmable computer 1911: Hollerith's machine (Mechanical tabulator) - Answer-Hollerith's machine was a complete success and the company that manufactured Hollerith's machine, in 1911, merged with its main competitor, IBM. 1947: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) Vacuum Tubes - Answer-- Vacuum Tubes
- First ever electronic digital computer
- 5000 calculations/sec (fast for time, slow now) 1st Generation Computers - Answer--Vacuum Tubes -ENIAC -UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) -IBM 704 2nd Generation Computers - Answer-Transistors (late 50s)
3rd Generation Computers - Answer-Integrated circuits (1960s) - first one by Jack Kilby for Texas Instruments 4th Generation Computers - Answer-- Extreme miniaturization
- 1980s (400,000 calc/sec)
- First microcomputer/PC (1975) - Altair 8800****
- Apple (1979)
- IBM PC (1982) **note Q-dogs 1975: First microcomputer, personal computer (PC) - Answer-Altair 8800 Q-Dogs - Answer--Quick and dirty operating system -Sold to Bill Gates for a mere $50, Original operating system - Answer--Microsoft -CPN Gary Kildoff Silicon Photonics - Answer-Lasers, faster signal Computer System - Answer-Usually a special subsystem of an organization's overall information system Hardware - Answer-Any machinery (most of which utilizes digital circuitry) that assists in the performance of the input, processing, and output activities of an information system Input Devices - Answer-Convert date into machine readable form (keyboard, mouse, scanner)
Machine Cycle - Answer-The execution of a single instruction. Measured in: -Milliseconds: one thousand of a sec -Microseconds: one millionth of a sec -Nanoseconds: one billionth of a sec -Picoseconds: one trillionth of a sec How fast is a "nanosecond"? - Answer-One billionth of a second Clock Speed - Answer-A measure of processing speed. Electronics pulses the CPU produces at a predetermined rate -usually measured in megahertz (millions of cycles per second) or gigahertz (billions of cycles per second) -the higher the clock speed, the faster the machine cycle CPU (clock speed) - Answer--Hz (1 cycle per second) -Kilohertz (KHz) (1000 cycles per second) -Megahertz (MHz) (1,000,000 cycles per second) -Gigahertz (GHz) (1,000,000,000 cycles per second) -Terahertz (THz) (1,000,000,000,000 cycles per second) **clock speed usually measured in megahertz Typical PC processors today - Answer-Operate in the 1 to 3 GHz clock speed First Intel Microprocessor Chip - Answer-(8080-1974, 200 KHz) Ed Roberts used for first PC (not designed, for traffic lights)
Bit - Answer--binary digit -physical representation of data in a computer (letters, numbers and symbols must be represented to the computer as a combination of 0s or 1s: off or on) Byte - Answer--made up of usually 8 bits -a character -smallest unit that can be located and about in the computer Data Hierarchy - Answer--Field: made up of bytes -Record: made up of several fields -File: made up of several records -Application: made up of several files -System: made up of several applications How many bits in a byte? - Answer-8 bits Bits represent characters - Answer-(1 bit, 2 ch)... (2 bit, 4 ch)... (3 bit, 8 ch)... (4 bit, 16 ch)... (5 bit, 32 ch)... (6 bit, 64 ch)... (7 bit, 128 ch)... (8 bit, 250 ch) Capacity - Answer--measured in bytes -Kilobytes: 1,000 bytes -Megabytes: 1,000,000 bytes -Gigabytes: 1,000,000,000 bytes -Terabytes: 1,000,000,000,000 bytes
-14 Megapixel image: 5 MB in JPG format Digital Images for Internet Webpage Purposes - Answer--we need 400 X 625 pixels -or 250 000 pixels -or 250 Kilopixels -or ¼ Megapixels -2 Megapixel image = 2,000,000 pixels -3 Megapixel image = 3,000,000 pixels -8 Megapixel image = 8,000,000 pixels -14 Megapixel image = 14,000,000 pixels File Format - Answer--JPEG or JPG: Joint Photographic Experts Group (best, low pixel) -GIF: Graphics Interchange Format -PNG: Portable Network Graphic (invisible backgrounds) -TIFF: Tagged Imaged File Format (can resave over and over and won't lose properties/lower resolution) Primary Storage: RAM - Answer--Random Access Memory -Where data and program instructions wait to be interpreted -Volatile Memory Primary Storage: ROM - Answer--Read Only Memory -Instructions (programs) are burned into a chip and cannot be altered. Microcomputers (PC's) - Answer--Lowest level of computers (lowest cost, processing power, smallest size, smallest primary memory: RAM) -Tablet, iPad, laptops, desktops, notebooks
Midrange Systems - Answer--Between mainframe/micro )network servers, mini computers) **Mino computer is NOT a micro computer! Micro computer is a netbook, mini computer is different. Mainframe Systems - Answer--Companies -Large cost, large RAM, large size, high processing power Supercomputer - Answer--Giant mainframe -Used by military, large corporations Peripherals - Answer-Input/output equipment and secondary storage devices all controlled by the CPU Direct input/output devices - Answer-Input: keyboard, mouse, pens, touch screens, wands, scanners (OCR), speech recognition Output: video monitors, printers, voice response. Dumb Terminals - Answer--No processing capabilities -Terminals on a network Intelligent Terminals - Answer--Have processing capabilities -Microprocessor and memory circuits Transaction Terminals - Answer--Get data from end users and transfer the data via Telecommunication networks to a computer system for processing
