Information Technology - Computerization and Its Impacts - Lecture Slides, Slides of Applications of Computer Sciences

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Information Technology and Society.

Information Technology Definition^ ❚

Technology dealing with information processing,storage, and transmission. ❚^

This includes in particular computer technology anddifferent communication technologies

Famous Predictions^ ❚

“I think there is a world market for maybe fivecomputers”(Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943)

Famous Predictions^ ❚

“There is no reason anyone would want a computer intheir home”(Ken Olson, President and Founder of Digital EquipmentCorp. - now absorbed into Compaq and maybe this yearinto Hewlett Packard, 1977)

Previous Transformations (Drucker)^ ❚^

The 13th Century move to the city in Europe. ❚^

Guttenberg’s invention of printing (1455), the ProtestantReformation started by Luther (1517) and the Renaissance. ❚^

James Watt’s steam engine (1776) and the emergence of theindustrial revolution; the birth of capitalism, communism anddemocracy. ❚^

The birth of the computer (c.a.1945), the G.I. Bill of Rights,globalization and the shift to the “knowledge/information /post-capitalist society”. We are living through the middle of atransformation that may not be over until 2020. “The means ofproduction” are no longer capital, nor natural resources, nor labour.It is knowledge.

Schumpeter^ ❚

In the 1940’s Joseph Schumpeter described a theory oflong waves of industrial activity associated withparticular technologies/industries going back to theIndustrial Revolution. ❚^

Recently waves ran for 50-60 years. Last one started inthe 1950’s and was fueled by advances inpetrochemicals/aerospace/electronics and lasted around35 years. ❚^

Most recent (5th) wave started in the late1980’s and wasassociated with computer networking. Expected to lastfor 25-30 years. Will peak this decade and then decline.

Information and CommunicationsTechnology (ICT)^ ❚^

Since the birth of the electronic digital computer around 1945 therehave been tremendous advances in^ ❙

Computer processing power ❙^

Digital storage media ❙^

Telecommunications technology ❙^

Miniaturisation and portability ❙^

Software and hardware standardisation ❙^

Digitisation of content

❚^

All of this has been accompanied by mass production and rapidprice declines to generate mass market penetration and universalaccess.

Computer History^ ❚

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)was first general purpose electronic computer developedat end of WWII at University of Pennsylvania. ❚^

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was firstcommercial computer in 1951 - built by RemingtonRand. ❚^

With the 1947 invention of the transistor, the firsttransistorised computers were developed in 1956 byIBM. ❚^

Integrated circuits led to modern mainframes like IBM360 in 1964.

Processor Speeds^ ❚

First 8088 (1979) had clock speed of 4.77MHz ❚^

Early Pentiums (1992) ran at 50MHz ❚^

Pentium 4 (2000) introduced with 1 GHz ❚^

Current P4 runs up to 2 GHz. ❚^

Moore’s Law, “Doubling of computer power (or halvingof its cost) every 18 months”

Intel Inc.

Then and Now^ ❚

Osborne 1

. Introduced in 1981 as the first portable

computer for $1,795 US (around $2,500 in Canada).Weighed 25 lbs. Had 64K of RAM, 2 single-sided 90Kfloppies and an 8 bit Z-80 processor with a 4MHz clockspeed. The display was a 5 inch monochrome screen.There was no hard drive. An independent power supply(large battery) was extra. Came bundled with a suite ofsoftware (Wordstar, dBase II, Supercalc, C- Basic, CP/MOS)

Osborne 1 (circa 1981)

Digital Storage Media^ ❚

DRAM memory getting cheaper and more powerful: 256MB of brand name memory on single DIM for about$180 - considerably cheaper than 64K of memory in thefirst PC’s. ❚^

Hard drive technology getting cheaper, more compactand more robust. 40 GB for around $150 compared to10 MB drive in first IBM PC - then around $1000. ❚^

IBM “Microdrive”: 1” across, 1 GB drive. Weighs 16 gand costs $369 US ❚^

IBM Enterprise magnetic disk storage units can handleup to 11 Terrabytes (about $250K/TB).