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INMT 342 Final Exam Questions with
Solutions UTK
subjects = data entities, objects = descriptions - Answer-Conceptual Modeling Subjects =? Objects =? Unique identifiers - Answer-Conceptual Modeling unique characteristics that distinguish between objects/subjects of the same type attributes (describe each subject), alternate keys (describe each object) - Answer-Conceptual Modeling ______________ describe each subject and _____________ describes each object relationships and cardinalities - Answer-Conceptual Modeling events that occur that imply associations between objects
ERD (Entity-Relationship Diagram) - Answer-Conceptual Modeling identifies the people, places, objects, things, events, or concepts, their characteristics and relationships, for an organization or business area metadata - Answer-Conceptual Modeling data that describes the properties of other data better data quality, reduced program maintenance, improved data sharing - Answer-Conceptual Modeling What are some of the advantages of database systems? The logical design - Answer-Conceptual Modeling Where are the detailed technology-dependent specifications of the database design created? does not have a predefined data structure, providing more flexibility for organizing data - Answer- Conceptual Modeling What is an advantage of unstructured database processing? entity - Answer-Conceptual Modeling collection of persons, places, objects, events, or concepts in a table
an attribute that must be captured for a valid entity instance. Represented by bold Composite attribute - Answer-Conceptual Modeling an attribute that can be broken down into other attributes/composed of multiple pieces of information. Represented by (...) Multivalued attrribute - Answer-Conceptual Modeling an attribute that may have more than one value for the same type of data. Represented by {} Derived attribute - Answer-Conceptual Modeling an attribute that can be calculated from other available attributable values. Represented by [] Relationship attribute - Answer-Conceptual Modeling an attribute that captures data about the relationship between entities rather than any entity on its own Relationship degree Unary: entity instances related to others within the same entity Binary: entity instances from two different entities related to each other
Ternary: entity instances from three different entities related to each other - Answer-Conceptual Modeling refers to the number of entities involved in a relationship cardinality constraint - Answer-Conceptual Modeling specifies the number of instances of one entity that can be associated with each instance of another entity Subtype/supertype - Answer-Conceptual Modeling a hierarchal way to describe certain entities when not all entity instances are the same Total Specialization: all supertype instances must be at one of the subtypes Patial Specialization: there are instances in the supertype that do not belong to any of the subtypes - Answer-Conceptual Modeling What are the two types of COMPLETENESS CONSTRAINTS in a subtype/supertype relationship? Disjoint Rule: supertype can only be in one of the subtypes. Represented with letter d in circle Overlap Rule: supertype instance can belong in more than one of the subtypes. Represented with letter o in the circle - Answer-Conceptual Modeling What are the two types of DISJOINTNESS CONSTRAINTS in a subtype/supertype relationship?
Foreign Key - Answer-Logical Modeling a field in one table (that already exists) as a field in another table (usually the primary key). Represented by italics Primary Key on one side becomes a foreign key on the many side - Answer-Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming MANY relationships? -Primary key on the strong side becomes a foreign key on the many side -Weak entity has a composite primary key that includes the foreign key - Answer-Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming WEAK entities? Primary key on the most constrained side becomes a foreign key on the least constrained side - Answer- Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming 1:1 relationships? Primary keys on the one side become foreign keys on the many side - Answer-Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming Associative Entities?
-Primary key becomes a foreign key in the same table -Foreign key has to be renamed - Answer-Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming Unary 1:M Relationships? Primary keys on the one side become foreign keys on the many side - Answer-Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming ternary relationships? -Primary key of the supertype becomes a foreign key and primary key of the subtypes -Rename the foreign key to represent the subtype - Answer-Logical Modeling (Entity to a Logical Model) What happens when transforming Subtype/Supertypes? Subqueries - Answer-SQL These allow us to nest queries in other queries, we find the results of an inner query and then feed those results to the outer query Big Data - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data the situation where volume, velocity, variety, and variability of data exceed typical storage or computing capacity for accurate and timely decision making. Includes data not typically captured, stored, or analyzed Volume - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data
Which is the following big data characteristic? dealing with simultaneous sources, types, speeds, timing -Volume -Velocity -Variety -Veracity -Variability -Complexity - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What are the different characteristics of Big Data? Atomic: all or nothing Consistent: consistent state of data and transactions Isolated: transactions are isolated from each other Durable: when the transition is committed, state will be durable - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What does ACID stand for, and what does each letter represent in a database? Basic Availability: nodes in the disturbed environment can go down, but the whole system should not be affected
Soft-State: state of the system and data changes over time Eventual: given enough time, data will be consistent across the distributed system - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What does BASE stand for, and what does each letter represent in a database? CAP Theorem - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What theorem states that it is impossible for a distributed computer system to simultaneously provide three of the following guarantees ("pick 2')? Consistency: a distributed system is typically considered to be consistent if, after an update, operation of some writer all readers see his updates in some shared data source Availability: a system designed and implemented in a way that allows it to continue operation Partition tolerance: these occur if two or more "islands" of network nodes arise which (temporarily or permanently) cannot connect to each other; dynamic addition and removal of nodes - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What does CAP stand for, and what does each letter represent in a computer system? -Do not use SQL as their primary language -Do not have a fixed schema -Do not use join operations -May not have ACID
-Document Store: MongoDB, CouchDB, Lotus Notes -Key-Value: DynamoDB (Amazon), Redis, Oracle Coherence -Graph: InfoGrid, DEX, Neo4j, FlockDB - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What are some examples of NoSQL technologies? -Other NoSQL: discrete data, minimally connected data -Graph Databases: connected data, focused on relationships - Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data What are the data storage approaches?
- Answer-Big Data/Unstructured Data systems that store model data as graphs where nodes can represent content modeled as document or key-value structures and arcs that represent a relation between the data modeled by the node
