Innate Knowledge
(what an organism is born with)
Experience leads to changes in knowledge
and behavior
Learning refers to the process of adaptation
Of behavior to experience.
Memory refers to the permanent records that
Underlie this adaptation.
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Innate Knowledge - Learning and Memory - Notes | PSYC 248, Study notes of Psychology
psyc248fall11-unit1A Material Type: Notes; Professor: Dell; Class: Learning and Memory; Subject: Psychology; University: University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign; Term: Fall 2011;
Typology: Study notes
2010/2011
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Innate Knowledge
(what an organism is born with)
Experience leads to changes in knowledge
and behavior
Learning refers to the process of adaptation
Of behavior to experience.
Memory refers to the permanent records that
Underlie this adaptation.
How experience changes an organism
Learning Perspective
EVENT Change in
Behavior
Memory (Cognitive) Perspective
EVENT Change in what
organism knows
Operant Conditioning
Animal makes random response
then accidentally presses bar
R Re
(response) (reward or
reinforcement)
Animal is more likely to press bar
Memory perspective focuses on complex tasks
Recall
Present a list of words (STUDY)
(wait)
Write down all the words (TEST)
Word Completion
S M T O
What’s the word?
Question answering
What is the red pigment that carries
oxygen in the blood called?
The Learning Perspective uses Animals as
Subjects
can control environment
belief that laws of learning apply to all
animals
Memory perspective adopts
the information processing approach
The brain is a computer
It has software or programming called the
mind
It has a “programming language”
Experience constantly adds to the program
It has a “central processor”
(innate knowledge)
It has a large “hard disk”
(long-term store)
NID Experiment
Learning “It’s a conditioning study!”
unconditioned
stimulus
(US)
“forty-two”
unconditioned
response
(UR)
NID 42 “forty-two”
conditioned
stimulus
(CS)
after learning NID “forty-two”
Memory “It’s a memory experiment”
cue item-to-be-recalled
study NID 42
test NID?
cued recall
Forgetting Conditioning
Strength
of CR
Acquisition
Extinction
US is
paired
with CS
CS never
paired
with US
Extinction
Is it because conditioning is gone?
OR
because conditioning is inhibited?
Inhibition Hypothesis
CS US CS US
acquisition inhibition
extinction
Loss Hypothesis
CS US CS US CS US
acquisition extinction
Evidence Favors Inhibition Hypothesis
- Spontaneous Recovery
prob.
of
CR
Suggests that the original learning was not lost
time
wait a while
- Stimulus-compounding experiments
(Rescorla, 1979)
Experimental Control
Group Group
Phase 1 Tone Shock (same)
Tone Fear
Phase 2 Tone + Light - 0 Tone - 0
Extinction
no shock Light - 0
stimulus
compound
Phase 3 Light + Buzzer - Shock
Test to see Experimental group develops
if light fear more slowly
is inhibited
The light became a conditioned inhibitor of fear
Extinction leads to inhibition
What is learned in Pavlovian Conditioning?
S-R view OR S-S view
tone CS tone CS
food salivation food salivation
US R US R
Which one is right?
Sensory pre-conditioning shows S-S association is learned
Buzzer Light Food
predicts
buzzer S-S Salivation
causes
salivation
Buzzer Light Food
predicts
buzzer S-R Salivation
does not
cause
salivation
Conclude: at least some of the learning is S-S
Konorski’s (1948) second-order conditioning experiment
Phase 1 light... food salivation
Phase 2 buzzer... light salivation
buzzer salivation
This is second-order conditioning
Phase 3 light... shock leg withdrawal
Test phase buzzer...
What happens?
salivation or leg withdrawal
S-S prediction for Konorski’s study
light food salivation
buzzer
S-S
S-S
shock leg withdrawal
S-S
Phase 3 light... shock leg withdrawal
Test phase buzzer...
What should happen?
LEG WITHDRAWAL
S-R predictions for Konorski study
food salivation
light
S-R