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Valence Electrons, Atomic Size, and Ionization Energy in the Periodic Table - Prof. Dana E, Study notes of Chemistry

Colorado State University (CSU)Chemistry
Prof. Dana E. Johnson

An overview of valence electrons, atomic size, and ionization energy trends in the periodic table. Valence electrons are involved in bonding and are the outermost electrons with the highest energy levels for main-group elements, while transition-metal elements have valence electrons that include d-electrons. Atomic size increases as you go down a family and decreases from left to right. Ionization energy decreases as you go down a family but generally increases as you go across a period.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 11/29/2011

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24 September
Inner (core) electrons – fill the lower energy levels of the atom
Outer electrons – those in the highest levels (highest n value)
Valence electrons – involved in bonding
For main-elements, valence electrons are electrons with the highest n value (valence electrons =
outer electrons)
For transition-metal elements, valence electrons are electrons with the highest n value plus the
d – electrons
O 1s2s22p4
Oxygen has 6 valence e-
Atoms in the same family have the same number of valence e-
Same number of electrons → similar bonding characteristics
Fe
[Ar] 4s23d6
8 valence e-
Count highest shell and d
18 core / inner e-
Ga
[Ar] 4s23d104p1
3 valence e-
It is main-group
Which atom has the largest radius?
A. H
B. Na
pf2

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24 September Inner (core) electrons – fill the lower energy levels of the atom Outer electrons – those in the highest levels (highest n value) Valence electrons – involved in bonding For main-elements, valence electrons are electrons with the highest n value (valence electrons = outer electrons) For transition-metal elements, valence electrons are electrons with the highest n value plus the d – electrons O 1s2s^2 2p^4 Oxygen has 6 valence e- Atoms in the same family have the same number of valence e- Same number of electrons → similar bonding characteristics Fe [Ar] 4s^2 3d^6 8 valence e- Count highest shell and d 18 core / inner e- Ga [Ar] 4s^2 3d^10 4p^1 3 valence e- It is main-group Which atom has the largest radius? A. H B. Na

C. Rb D. Cs E. All of these atoms have the same radius Periodic Trend # Atomic Size Defined as the radius of the atom Measured and averaged over many samples As you go down a family, atomic size increases From left to right, atomic size decreases Period Trend # Ionization Energy The energy required to remove an electron from an atom Li → 1e-^ + Li+ 1s^2 2s^1 → 1e-^ + 1s^2 2s^0 Ion: chemical species with a charge IE decreases as you go down a family Generally increases as you go across a period