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INSIGHT PRACTICE TEST, Exams of Advanced Education

Chamberlain College of NursingAdvanced Education

INSIGHT PRACTICE TEST..........

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/02/2025

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INSIGHT PRACTICE TEST
Combinatorial explosion: - ANSWER - tic tac toe is small is small search
space
Newell and Simon's Heuristics - ANSWER biasing attention, not paying
attention to search space
Trial and error - ANSWER cant handle a large space space
▪Hill climbing - ANSWER some feedback of wehre ur going but only works
on even search space, but not its its rugged
Means-ends analysis - ANSWER recursive process of finding operator to
apply to goal, they programmed this in to GPS
No Free Lunch Theorem - ANSWER Roughly: if a heuristic improves
performance on one particular problem, it will perform worse on other problems
- Heuristic is a bias
- Need to switch b/w heuristic
- Trade off b/w generality and being good at a task
- Is you bias you attention toward one area, then it will fail u in some possible
situation
- Choose relavanat heuriitic for the situation your in: this seems to be human
livel problem solving
Insight - ANSWER ▪Sometimes, the hardest part of the problem is figuring out
how to formulate it
▪You must step back and apply problem solving to your process of problem
solving
- Don't know operators
- Apply problem solving to problem solving
- Apply new way to solve
NEWELL AND SIMON LEFT OUT INSIGHT! - ANSWER - Everything
picked out for them already
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INSIGHT PRACTICE TEST

Combinatorial explosion: - ANSWER - tic tac toe is small is small search space Newell and Simon's Heuristics - ANSWER biasing attention, not paying attention to search space Trial and error - ANSWER cant handle a large space space ▪Hill climbing - ANSWER some feedback of wehre ur going but only works on even search space, but not its its rugged Means-ends analysis - ANSWER recursive process of finding operator to apply to goal, they programmed this in to GPS No Free Lunch Theorem - ANSWER Roughly: if a heuristic improves performance on one particular problem, it will perform worse on other problems

  • Heuristic is a bias
  • Need to switch b/w heuristic
  • Trade off b/w generality and being good at a task
  • Is you bias you attention toward one area, then it will fail u in some possible situation
  • Choose relavanat heuriitic for the situation your in: this seems to be human livel problem solving Insight - ANSWER ▪Sometimes, the hardest part of the problem is figuring out how to formulate it ▪You must step back and apply problem solving to your process of problem solving
  • Don't know operators
  • Apply problem solving to problem solving
  • Apply new way to solve NEWELL AND SIMON LEFT OUT INSIGHT! - ANSWER - Everything picked out for them already

2 schools of thought #1Search Inference : - ANSWER tries to defend simon

  • Search space Is correct, pretty much the right picture ▪Insight is like any other problem solving, a search through a problem space ▪It is an action #2 Gestalt : seeing the problem differently - ANSWER ▪Insight involves perceptual restructuring ▪It is more like perception than action More like skillfully seeing than doing Gestalt psychology - ANSWER Germany early 20thcenttury ▪Way ahead of their time! ▪Focused on perceptual wholes, and perceptual restructuring ▪Not awesome experimentalists, not very rigorous theorists (informal, thatsnot how things were at the time)
  • Wholeness - ANSWER - Two integrated whole we can generate with the lines on the slide
  • Lots of what we do perceptually is to integrate then reintegrate same parts
  • Receive data and integrating meaningful connected thing What is an insight problem? - ANSWER ▪It is when people get fixated on one problem formulation, and can't break out to see the correct formulation
  • think you gestalted it, inappropriate problem formulation
  • need to find different formulation
  • ex. multiplication doesn't use insight Defenders of the search inference framework - ANSWER : insight is just another search to a spcace
  • ppl who think gestalt is wrong
  • give cues that break fixation ▪Gave people the 9 dot problem and told them to 'Think outside the box' ▪They found no facilitation: did not help ppl at all, no increase in ability to solve it
  • conc: gestalt is wrong

· ▪ Breaking fixation is necessary but not sufficient for finding a solution! Multiple simultaneous constraint satisfaction - ANSWER ▪How do you read the letters in this image? (the cat, h and a are the same ▪And how do you read the words?

  • 2 constraints: solve two constriants at once
  • Not just one issue in problem solving Maier, Norman RF, and Gertrude G. Casselman. "Locating the difficulty in insight problems: Individual and sex differences." Psychological Reports 26. (1970): 103- 117 - ANSWER ▪Verbal cues did not seem to help (for 9 DOT PROBLEM) ▪But placing the dots within a large square did!
  • This wasn't a propositional cue
  • They framed the problem differently, perceptually Ex. shaping your own attention - ANSWER - Is meditation
  • Didn't learn this in school Knowledge-that/Knowledge-how - ANSWER ▪AKA propositional (facts or saying the sentence) and procedural knowledge (how to do things, harder to put into words)
  • In philosophy, usually know THAT - ANSWER - Gestalt proposal: insight may involve procedural knowledge Drawing the box is way of restructuring the way they solve the problem, procedural ability to restructure ▪If insight is procedural, then giving a propositional hint may not be helpful - ANSWER - ARGUMENT Insight might have to do with perceptual restructuring then having a bunch of stuff in ur head feeling of knowing' - ANSWER Used 'feeling of knowing' (FOK) as a probe to investigate insight
  • FOK: u have a feeling about whether u know something or not
  • If u feel u know, its predictive of finding the right answer ▪FOK predicts successful memory retrieval

▪If insight is memory retrieval, then FOK should predict successful insight problem solving produce FOK ratings - ANSWER ▪Gave people both insight and non-insight problems, and had them produce FOK ratings

  • Non insight: 15 times 25, when u know what operator to apply
  • Ppl rated FOK ▪For non-insight problems, FOK correlated with successful problem solving ▪For insight problems, it didn't: no correlation, sometime ppl said no but got it and vice versa
  • Evidence against insight problem solving is search through memory space 'feeling of warmth' - ANSWER ▪Had people give 'feeling of warmth' ratings every 10 seconds while solving insight problems
  • Warmth should up and up as you know the solution ▪A high feeling of warmth predictedfailure ▪An abrupt increase in warmth predicted success: starts off low, then right before FOW shoots up
  • Spike is correlated with solving insight problem Satisficing - ANSWER NEWELL AND SIMON RESPONSE ▪Simon introduced the term 'satisficing' : good for many tasks in life Ex. making scramble eggs instead of omelette ▪Goal X is hard!▪Goal Y is easier, and pretty close to X ▪So give up on X, and go for Y ; but usually NOT OKAY FOR INSIGHT PROBLEM SOLVING Meltcalfe again - ANSWER ▪FOW ratings on insight and non-insight problems
  • Ask ppl to talk through their problem solving Accurate meta-cognition (thinking about thinking) on non-insight problems, but NOT on insight problems
  • Fits with Gestalt picture
  • Sometime don't have conscious access to how we solve things
  • More well defined and less insight, more accurate self reporting ▪Gradual increases in FOW rating on non- insight problems, but not insight problems
  • If two tasks require the same cognitive process, success on one should be predictive of success on another
  • Take same person give them two tasks and then test ability of insight and non insight problems Example: blurry image - ANSWER ▪The ability to identify blurry images was the best predictor of people's ability to solve insight problems!
  • Look at blurry image and tell what it is, well correlated with solving thing slike 9 dot problems
  • WHY?: what does it involve to solve blurry picture
  • Bunch of parts that are unclear, don't know the whole either: attempt to resolve parts and whole in a mutually constraining way, throw out bunch of ways of GESTALTING
  • Rapid structuring and restricting of your perception
  • This experiment establishes a correlation b/w solving insight problems and blurry images

▪Field Independence Tasks - ANSWER were also predictive of success on insight problem solving

  • EX. WHERES WALDO
  • Quickly do little gestalts, here are feature im looking for, now I have to resolve into a whole
  • FIT: sort out bunch of info that involve perceptual struturing and restructuring, predictive of insight problem solving Insight cascade - ANSWER allow you to move forward ▪Remote association tasks were weakly predictive (less perceptual): what connect distantly related thing
  • Search inference doesn't handle this well ▪"magic" ▪"board" ▪"hole"
  • Ex. black ▪Category generation and solving anagrams - ANSWER were NOT at all predictive ▪Name a fruit that starts with P
  • Type of memory search: bunch of fruit indexed by first letter
  • Predctive of non insight problems but not insight
  • Same thing with anagrams ▪More individual differences methodology - ANSWER · Tested people's ability to do cognitive 'leaping' · - gave ppl images, with clues, so the fewer cues they need, the better they are at insight problem · Dots that make a couch, getting more clear each time · Seems to suggest perceptual skill of structuring and restructuring · ▪ The better a leaper they were, the more readily they could solve insight problems · Showed ppl a lot of clues Meditation: - ANSWER training ability to solve insight problem solving Insight as perception - ANSWER Insight as perception ▪The general lesson seems to be that insight is more like perceptual reorganization than inference or memory search
  • More perceptual than inferential
  • Both are involved
  • Thing that distinguishes insight: restructuring the way you see the problem
  • Newell and simon: left out problem formulation
  • Insight: prblem formulation and reformulation (gestalt tradition)
  • Change way you perceive the world
  • Problem solving as perceptual or attentional dimension