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insy 3330 chapter 3 reading notes
Typology: Summaries
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Learning Objectives Discuss the origin of, and the key technology concepts behind the internet. Explain the current structure of the Internet Understand how the Web works Describe how Internet and web features and services support e-commerce Understand the impact of mobile applications
In 1995, the Federal Networking Council (FNC) passed a resolution formally defining the term Internet as a network that uses the IP addressing scheme, supports the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and makes services available to users much like a telephone system makes voice and data services available to the public. Behind this formal definition are three extremely important concepts that are the basis for understanding the Internet: packet switching, the TCP/IP communications protocol, and client/server computing. Although the Internet has evolved and changed dramatically over time, these three concepts are still at the core of the way the Internet functions today and are the foundation for the Internet of the future.
Packet Switching : A method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets along different communication patches as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination. Packets: The discrete units into which digital messages are sliced for transmission over the Internet. Packet switching is a method of slicing digital messages into discrete units, sending them along different communication paths, and reassembling them when they arrive at their destination. Prior to this, early computer networks used dedicated telephone circuits, which were expensive and wasted communications capacity.
IPv4 Internet address : Internet address expressed as a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by period such as 64.49.254. IPv6 Internet address: Internet address expressed as a 128- bit number The IP addressing scheme is a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods. It supports up to 4 billion addresses (2 to the 32nd power). IPv is a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, while IPv6 is 128 bits and can support up to 2128 addresses. India leads the way globally, with almost 65% of Internet traffic converted to IPv6.
Domain name : Ip address expressed in a natural language Domain name sy stem: (DNS) system for expressing numeric Ip addresses in natural language Uniform Resource Locator : (URL) the address used by a web browser to identify the location of content on the Web The Domain Name System (DNS) and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) are two important components of the Internet addressing scheme. The DNS allows expressions such as Google.com to stand for numeric IP addresses, while the URL contains the protocol and location.
Client/server computing was possible in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to the development of personal computers and local area networks. It has many advantages over centralized mainframe computing, such as easy expansion of capacity, less vulnerability, and balanced processing load. In 2019, there are estimated 1 billion to 1.5 billion "traditional" personal computers in use around the world, with smartphones and tablet computers relying on Internet servers to accomplish their tasks.
Smartphones and tablet computers are the primary means of accessing the Internet in the US and worldwide. Smartphones use Google's Android or Apple's iOS operating systems and flash memory chips with storage up to 256 gigabytes. Tablet computers are light, do not require a complex operating system, and rely on the Internet cloud for processing and storage. The mobile platform has profound implications for e-commerce, as it influences how, where, and when consumers shop and buy.
Cloud Computing: model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software, and other services are provided by a shared pool of virtualized resources over the internet. Cloud computing provides shared virtualized resources over the Internet, accessible from any connected device. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as having the following essential characteristics: ● On-demand self-service: Consumers can obtain computing capabilities such as server time or network storage as needed automatically on their own. ● Ubiquitous network access: Cloud resources can be accessed using standard network and Internet devices, including mobile platforms.
● Location-independent resource pooling: Computing resources are pooled to serve multiple users, with different virtual resources dynamically assigned according to user demand. The user generally does not know where the computing resources are located. ● Rapid elasticity: Computing resources can be rapidly provisioned, increased, or decreased to meet changing user demand. ● Measured service: Charges for cloud resources are based on the amount of resources actually used. Cloud computing consists of three basic types of services: ● Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): Customers use processing, storage, networking, and other computing resources from third-party providers called cloud service providers (CSPs) to run their information systems. For example, Amazon used the spare capacity of its information technology infrastructure to develop Amazon Web Services (AWS), which offers a cloud environment for a myriad of different IT infrastructure services. See Table 3.4 for a description of the range of services that AWS offers, such as its Simple Storage Service (S3) for storing customers’ data and its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service for running applications. Users pay only for the computing and storage capacity they actually use.
● Software as a service (SaaS): Customers use software hosted by the vendor on the vendor’s cloud infrastructure and delivered as a service over a network. Leading SaaS examples include Google’s G Suite, which provides common business applications online, and Salesforce.com, which provides customer relationship management and related software services over the Internet. Users access these applications from a web browser, and the data and software are maintained on the providers’ remote servers. ● Platform as a service (PaaS): Customers use infrastructure and programming tools supported by the CSP to develop their own applications. For example, IBM offers IBM Cloud for software development and testing on its cloud infrastructure. Another example is Salesforce.com’s Lightning Platform, which allows developers to build applications that are hosted on its servers as a service.
Public cloud: third-party service providers that own and manage large, scalable data centers that offer computing, data storage, and high-speed Internet to multiple customers who pay for only the resources they use Private cloud: provides similar options as a public cloud, but only to a single tenant Hybrid cloud: offers consumers both a public cloud and private cloud Clouds can be private, public, or hybrid. Public clouds are owned and maintained by CSPs and made available to multiple customers, who pay only for the resources they use. They are ideal for small and medium-sized businesses, applications requiring high performance, scalability, and availability, and for companies with occasional large computing projects. Spending on public cloud services worldwide is estimated to grow by 17% in 2020. Private clouds are operated solely for the benefit of a single tenant, providing computing resources on an as-needed basis for companies with stringent regulatory compliance or specialized licensing requirements. Firms are likely to adopt a hybrid cloud computing model, using their own infrastructure for core activities and public cloud computing for less-critical systems.
E-mail is one of the oldest, most important, and frequently used Internet services. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the Internet protocol used to send e-mail, while Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) are used to retrieve email from a server. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a fast and convenient way to transfer large files, while Telnet is a network protocol used to allow remote login on another computer. Telnet was the first "remote work" program that permitted users to work on a computer from a remote location, but is rarely used due to security concerns. SSL and TLS are two protocols that enable secure communications between a client and server over the Internet. Ping is a utility program that checks the connection between a client computer and a TCP/IP network, and can be used to slow down or crash a domain server. Tracert is one of several route-tracing utilities that allow you to follow the path of a message you send from your client to a remote computer on the Internet.
In 2020, there are an estimated 4 billion Internet users worldwide, but this is only half of the world's population. The growth rate is 4%, with the highest growth areas being the Middle East/Africa and Asia-Pacific. By 2024, there will be an estimated 4.4 billion Internet users worldwide. This is due to client/server computing being highly extensible and the Internet architecture being built in layers. Network technology SubstrateLayer: layer of internet technology that is composed of telecommunications networks and protocols Transport Services and Representation Standards layer: layer of internet architecture that houses the TCP/IP protocol Applications Layer: layer of internet architecture that contains client applications
Middleware Service Layer: the "glue" that ties the applications to the communications networks and includes such services as security, authentication, addresses, and storage repositories The Internet has four layers: Network Technology Substrates, Transport Services and Representation Standards, Middleware Services, and Applications. The Network Technology Substrate layer is composed of telecommunications networks, the Transport Services and Representation Standards layer houses the TCP/IP protocol, the Applications layer contains client applications, and the Middleware Services layer provides security and authentication services.
The Internet's backbone is composed of numerous privately owned networks of high-bandwidth fiber-optic cable that are physically connected with each other and transfer information. Tier 1 Internet Service Providers (Tier 1 ISPs) have peering arrangements with other Tier 1 ISPs to allow Internet traffic to flow through each other's cables and equipment without charge. Bandwidth measures how much data can be transferred over a communications medium within a fixed period of time, and in the US, the backbone can carry data at rates of up to 100 Gbps. Backbone : high-bandwidth fiber optic cable networks that transport data around the world Fiber-optic-cable: consists up to hundreds of strands of glass or plastic that use light to transmit data Tier 1 Internet Service Providers: (Tier 1 ISPs) own and control the major long haul fiber-optics cable networks comprising the Internet Backbone bandwidth: measures how much data can be transferred over a communication medium within a fixed period of time; is usually expressed in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabit per second (Gbps)
