Internet Protocol - Network Administration - Lecture Slides, Slides of Network and System Administration

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INTERNET PROTOCOL

IP as a Routed Protocol

IP is a connectionless, unreliable, best-effort delivery protocol.

IP accepts whatever data is passed down to it from the upper layers and forwards the data in the form of IP Packets.

All the nodes are identified using an IP address.

Packets are delivered from the source to the destination using IP address

IP Address

IP address is for the INTERFACE of a host. Multiple interfaces mean multiple IP addresses, i.e., routers.

32 bit IP address in dotted-decimal notation for ease of reading, i.e., 193.140.195.

Address 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1 and 255.255.255. carries special meaning.

IP address is divided into a network number and a host number.

Also bits in Network or Host Address cannot be all 0 or 1.

IP Address

IP Address

Class A : Address begins with bit 0. It has 8 bit network number (range 0.0.0.0-to-127.255.255.255), 24 bit host number.

Class B : Address begins with bits 10. It has 16 bit network number (range 128.0.0.0-to- 191.255.255.255), 16 bit host number.

Class C : Address begins with bits 110. It has 24 bit network number (range 192.0.0.0-to- 223.255.255.255), 8 bit host number.

Class D : Begins with 1110, multicast addresses (224.0.0.0-to-239.255.255.255)

Class E : Begins with 11110, unused

Subnet Mask

Consider IP address = 192.168.2.

First few bits (left to right) identify network/subnet Remaining bits identify host/interface

Number of subnet bits is called subnet mask, e.g.

Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 – 192.168.2.255 or Mask = 255.255.255. Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 – 192.168.2.15 or Mask = 255.255.255.

IP Configuration of an Interface

Static DHCP

ARP

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used in Ethernet Networks to find the MAC address of a node given its IP address.

Source node (say 192.168.2.32) sends broadcast message (ARP Request) on its subnet asking ``Who is 192.168.2.33’’.

All computers on subnet receive this request

Destination responds (ARP Reply) since it has 192.168.2.

Provides its MAC address in response

IPv

IPv6 uses 128 bit address instead of 32 bit address.

The IPv6 addresses are being distributed and are supposed to be used based on geographical location.