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INTRODUCTION TO IT (255 TERMS WITH
EXACT ANSWERS) GRADED A + 2024
Information Technology - Exact answer The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible. IT Professional Roles - Exact answer Administration and Support System Administrator - Exact answer Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming. Network Administrator - Exact answer In charge of all aspects of the computer network Database Administrator - Exact answer Focuses on the design, development, and support of database management systems (DBMSs). Security Administrator - Exact answer Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions. Web Administrator - Exact answer Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs. Support IT Professionals - Exact answer Help desk and training. Information - Exact answer Processed data. DIKW Hierarchy - Exact answer Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom) Data in DIKW - Exact answer The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.
Information in DIKW - Exact answer Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form. Knowledge in DIKW - Exact answer Information that has been put to use; information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed. Wisdom in DIKW - Exact answer Provides a social setting to knowledge; an understanding of the "why". Can only come by having both knowledge and experience. Information Systems - Exact answer A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers. Characteristics of Quality Data - Exact answer Relevance - the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made Timely - data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner Thorough - the data must be complete Accurate - data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible. Reliable - data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time IPOS - Exact answer The Input-Procession-Output-Storage Cycle Input - Exact answer Raw data is entered by the user. Processing - Exact answer Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness. Output - Exact answer Information is output so user can see results.
CPU - Exact answer Executes programs' instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the "chip". Memory - Exact answer Stores the programs being executed and the data they are using. I/O Subsystem - Exact answer All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used. Bus - Exact answer Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components System Unit - Exact answer Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. Internal Components of the System Unit - Exact answer Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards Parts of the CPU - Exact answer Control Unit (CU) - retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen System Clock - Exact answer Controls the speed at which instructions are processed. RAM - Exact answer Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer.
It is volatile (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power). You can choose the amount of RAM your computer has. Types of RAM - Exact answer Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - typically called main memory Static RAM (SRAM) - cache memory and registers BIOS ROM - Exact answer BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software not hardware, ("basic" operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can't choose the amount or contents. 1st Generation of Computers - Exact answer Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language 2nd Generation of Computers - Exact answer Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers 3rd Generation of Computers - Exact answer Silicon chips (known as ICs - integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals 4th Generation of Computers - Exact answer Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use Moore's Law - Exact answer Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18
- 24 months (exponential increase)
Network Hub - Exact answer Connects computers to each other with no real understanding of what is being transferred; used for private networks with local computers. Network Switch - Exact answer Like a hub, but this will only send data that is intended for a specific computer. Router - Exact answer Connects multiple networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with appropriate IP addresses Wireless Access Point - Exact answer Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable Circuit Switched Network - Exact answer Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be est. before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone Packet Switched Network - Exact answer A message's pathway is only est. as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic Workstations - Exact answer Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers Virtual Machine (VM) - Exact answer A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration. Server - Exact answer Computers that have greater hard disk storage, faster response time and are used to respond to request from other computers on the network Client-server Network - Exact answer Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested
information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers File Server - Exact answer Sends files over the network at the request of clients. Responds over LAN, within one location/site. Support both application software and data files. Web Server - Exact answer Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet. Database Server - Exact answer Responds to queries by pulling from the database. Typically only to local clients. Print Server - Exact answer Monitors print jobs Mail Server - Exact answer Two email servers communicate with each other FTP Server - Exact answer Like web server or file server in that requests are for files and responses are the files; data delivered between client and server. Point-to-Point Network - Exact answer Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between Bus Network - Exact answer Devices connected along a single cable. Size of network is restricted. Star Network - Exact answer Each device is connected to a central devices such as a hub or switch.
Data Integrity Efforts - Exact answer 1st - Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data 2nd - Must be entered into the system accurately 3rd - Data modification must be tracked Strategic Risk Analysis - Exact answer 1. Identify the organization's information assets
- Identify vulnerabilities of each asset
- Determine threats
- Prioritizing risks
- Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats Information Security Classifications - Exact answer Public - available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive - not considered a threat to a person's privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private - information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential - information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans Defense in Depth - Exact answer Protecting every layer that surrounds data Phishing - Exact answer Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information SQL Injection - Exact answer An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company's website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database
Buffer Overflow - Exact answer Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code Hacking - Exact answer When an individual obtains unauthorized access to a host White Hat Hacker - Exact answer Informs companies of potential problems with software so companies can fix Black Hat Hacker - Exact answer Individuals with malicious intent who violate security in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism Grey Hat Hacker - Exact answer Engage in both white and black hat types of hacking activities Packet Sniffing - Exact answer Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn't encrypted Virus - Exact answer Software that attaches itself to another legitimate software application Worms - Exact answer Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks Trojan Horse - Exact answer Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file Denial of Service (DOS) - Exact answer One or more attackers attempt to flood a server with so many incoming messages that the server is unable to handle legitimate business Firewalls - Exact answer Can be either software or hardware; hardware is a dedicated server; software contains a list of the rules that describe the types of messages that should either be permitted to make it through, or those that should be blocked Anti-virus Software - Exact answer Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware
Intranet - Exact answer A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol Cloud Computing - Exact answer Offers, as a service, the ability to offload computation and storage from your local computer Operating Systems - Exact answer Primary task is to allow a computer user to easily access the hardware and software of a computer system Kernel - Exact answer Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted. Device Drivers - Exact answer Provide specific interfaces between the OS running a computer and hardware devices. Shell - Exact answer An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel. Services - Exact answer OS programs that are usually started when the OS is loaded and initialized, but they run in the background. Also called daemons. Utility Programs - Exact answer Programs that allow the user to monitor and improve system performance. Proxy Server - Exact answer Acts as a giant cache of web pages that anyone in the organization has recently retrieved; can be used to block access to certain web pages Proprietary Software - Exact answer Software purchased from a vendor; also known as commercial Shareware - Exact answer Provides a trial version of the software. Freeware - Exact answer Usually software that has become obsolete; is free Public Domain - Exact answer Software that has been moved into the public domain; can be used however you feel
Open Source - Exact answer Created in the Open Source Community and made freely available as source code Copyrights - Exact answer Protect an original work (in its tangible, expressed form), but not the ideas behind the work for the duration of the author's life plus 70 years; protects against duplication. Patents - Exact answer Protect the creation of inventive concepts as well as the tangible work product for 20 years from the filing date End User License Agreement (EULA) - Exact answer Gives the purchaser the right to use the software Decimal - Exact answer Uses base 10 to represent numbers (0 - 9) Binary - Exact answer Uses base 2 system (0 and 1) Byte - Exact answer 8 bits; a single character of text in a computer Octal - Exact answer Every value is represented with some combination of 8 digits (0 - 7) Hexadecimal - Exact answer Uses a base 16 Character Representation - Exact answer ASCII and Unicode Language Translators - Exact answer A program that takes one program, written in a high level language, and creates a machine language program as output Compiled Language - Exact answer Translates the entire program using a compiler, creating an executable program which can be run at a later time; the program can then be run as many times as one likes, without having to re-translate each time. Interpreted Language - Exact answer Takes the most recently entered instruction, translates it into machine language, and executes it; must be translated manually each time.
String Data - Exact answer Alphanumeric or text character Floating-point - Exact answer Number with a decimal point Boolean/Logical - Exact answer True/False; applying AND/OR when searching for data. Flat File Database - Exact answer One large single table; used if the amount of data that is being recorded is fairly minimal Relational Database - Exact answer Has multiple tables (relations) with interrelated fields; most common structure for databases Hierarchical Database - Exact answer Organizes data using a tree like or organizational chart type structure Database Management System (DBMS) - Exact answer Used to create, manipulate, and access the data in a database Relation - Exact answer Often presented as a table; for example: name and phone number Tuples - Exact answer Rows of a relation in a database Attributes - Exact answer Columns of the relation Field - Exact answer Contains the data of an attribute for a record within a relation Query - Exact answer A search of data in the relation or relations that fit specific parameters Projection - Exact answer A query that returns all of the records from the relation, but only select attributes or fields Sort - Exact answer Sorting records based on some field(s) such as ascending order by last name
Join - Exact answer Withdraws information from multiple relations and combines them. Primary Key - Exact answer A field in the relations that contains a unique value, such as a license plate, phone number, or Social Security Number. Business Intelligence - Exact answer A specific information system to help an organization reach its strategic goals Data Warehouse - Exact answer A collection of organized databases Database Information Processing (OLAP) - Exact answer Online Analytical Processing; a computer-based technique of analyzing data to look for insights Slicing - Exact answer Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension Dicing - Exact answer Creates a subset of the data that can still be in multiple dimensions Drilling up and down - Exact answer Shifts the view of the data; down provides more detail, up provides summarized data Rolling up - Exact answer Similar to drilling up but it collapses the data from multiple items into a single value Pivot - Exact answer Rotates data to view the data from a different perspective (being able to compare different sets of facts) Online Data Processing (OLDP) - Exact answer Deals with data in real time Event-driven Processing - Exact answer Uses business event to trigger messages to be sent by middleware between software modules that are completely independent of one another Batch Processing - Exact answer Processing large amounts of data all in one batch when the computer system is not busy
Common Steps in SDLC - Exact answer Preliminary investigation, Analysis, Logical design, Physical design, Implementation, Maintenance Preliminary investigation - Exact answer Assesses the feasibility of the proposed project and selects a development methodology Analysis - Exact answer Determines the user requirements for the new system and develops logical models of the system Logical design - Exact answer Logical models are revised to ensure that the new system will meet the user requirements identified in the first step Physical design - Exact answer Logical models are converted into physical models Implementation - Exact answer Begin converting the models from the previous steps into the actual system; this step also includes installing hardware, testing the system, and training the end users Maintenance - Exact answer Modifications or corrections to the system are made Alpha Testing - Exact answer System developers assist end users as they interact with new system; simulated data is used Beta Testing - Exact answer Performed by the end user without any assistance from the system developers; live data in a real working environment is used. User Acceptance Testing - Exact answer Employed to assess whether the system does what the user expects and to ensure that it functions in a way that is useful to the user System Deployment - Exact answer 1. System Conversion
- Final Documentation
- End User Training Direct Conversion - Exact answer Old system is turned off and the new system is turned on at a specific data and time
Parallel Conversion - Exact answer There is a period of time in which both systems are operating concurrently Pilot Conversion - Exact answer Involves starting the conversation with a portion of end users Phased Conversion - Exact answer Deploys a subset of the system first, rather than deploying the whole system at once Business Continuity - Exact answer The activity performed by an organization to ensure that critical business functions will be available to customer, suppliers, regulators, and other entities that must have access to those functions. Image backups - Exact answer Create a copy of everything that is on a hard drive Full backup - Exact answer Everything on the hard drive is copied each and every time a backup is performed Incremental backup - Exact answer An initial full backup is completed and then subsequent backups only capture the changes since the last backup Data mirroring - Exact answer The OS writes data (and changes to data) to multiple hard drives at the same time. Off-Site Storage - Exact answer A secure location for storing backup media Hot Site - Exact answer Physical location where an organization can move its operations that includes everything for normal business operations; quickest return to business but very expensive. Cold Site - Exact answer Physical location like a shell that can be used for operations should the need arise; not equipped with hardware, servers, etc.; cheaper to have Site Sharing - Exact answer Having multiple data centers located in disparate regions; typically used by large organizations.
