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INTRO TO CORRECTIONS FINAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+
Q: Who proposed that criminals possess inherited traits linking them to earlier stages of human evolution? A: ✔✔ Cesare Lombroso Explanation: Lombroso theorized that certain individuals were "born criminals" with physical features that made them biologically different and less evolved. Q: In what ways do correctional agencies carry out their responsibilities? A: ✔✔ I, II, and III Explanation: Correctional agencies play a role in (I) incarcerating offenders sentenced by the courts, (II) supporting the courts in bail decisions, and (III) supervising those placed on community-based sanctions like probation. Q: What is the definition of specific deterrence? A: ✔✔ It is the impact that punishment has on an individual offender to discourage them from reoffending in the future. Q: Which of the following is true about the Walnut Street Jail? A: ✔✔ Inmates were often forced to wear masks while being moved to prevent recognition if they later crossed paths after release. Q: What did the Quakers include in their criminal justice reforms? A: ✔✔ Inmates were provided with basic needs, such as food and shelter, as part of humane treatment. Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism? - ANSWERS✔✔The Classical School of criminology.
What is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime? - ANSWERS✔✔Penal code. Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that they punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act? - ANSWERS✔✔Jeremy Bentham. Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system? - ANSWERS✔✔Auburn system. Sir Walter Crofton was the head of which system? - ANSWERS✔✔Irish system. Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
- ANSWERS✔✔Reformatory Era. Which eighteenth-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology? - ANSWERS✔✔Cesare Beccaria. Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779? - ANSWERS✔✔John Howard. What was the emphasis in the rehabilitative Era? - ANSWERS✔✔The professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management. Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system?
Which of the following is an advantage of a diversionary treatment program? - ANSWERS✔✔With diversionary treatment programs, offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction. Which of the following is a goal of mental health courts? - ANSWERS✔✔Increasing public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals. Who initiated the concept of "good time"? - ANSWERS✔✔Alexander Maconochie. Which of the following is included in a presentence investigation (PSI)? - ANSWERS✔✔The range of allowable sanctions. Which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time? - ANSWERS✔✔Economic sanctions. Which of the following is TRUE of pretiral diversion programs? - ANSWERS✔✔Pretrial diversion programs offer people charged with crimes alternatives to traditional criminal justice proceedings. Which of the following is TRUE of indeterminate sentences? - ANSWERS✔✔Offenders are subject to release by parole boards. Which 1987 U.S. Supreme Court decision upheld the ability of a magistrate to confine an offender on the presumption that he or she was dangerous? - ANSWERS✔✔United States v. Salerno.
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required? - ANSWERS✔✔Eighth. In which of the following sentencing models do judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence? - ANSWERS✔✔Judicial form of sentencing. Which of the following is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release? - ANSWERS✔✔The bail process discriminates against the poor. For which of the following is a presentence investigation used? - ANSWERS✔✔Sentencing by the court. Which of the following is an alternative to bail? - ANSWERS✔✔Personal recognizance. Which of the following accurately describes plea bargaining? - ANSWERS✔✔Plea bargaining is an agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence. In presumptive sentencing, what do migrating circumstances indicate to a judge? - ANSWERS✔✔Reasons for leniency. Which of the following is a reason why states have adopted sentencing guidelines?
- ANSWERS✔✔Guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences. What percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require? - ANSWERS✔✔85%.
Which of the following categories of offenders can be held in a jail? - ANSWERS✔✔Probation, parole, and bail bond violators and absconders. Which of the following is characteristic of a third generation jail? - ANSWERS✔✔Correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates. Which of the following is described as statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates? - ANSWERS✔✔Objective classification systems. Which was a requirement for English prisons and jails as specified by the English Penitentiary Act of 1779? - ANSWERS✔✔Systemic inspections. Jail inmates may have only noncontact visits. What type of visitor is the exception?
- ANSWERS✔✔Attorney. What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes? - ANSWERS✔✔Suicide. About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons? - ANSWERS✔✔Three times as many. In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail? - ANSWERS✔✔Sheriff. Which of the following facilitates continuous communication between jail staff and inmates, thus reducing tension and avoiding the development of conflicts
among inmates or between inmates and staff? - ANSWERS✔✔Direct supervision jails. Which is one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems? - ANSWERS✔✔They provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape. A very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within ______. - ANSWERS✔✔Forty-eight hours Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade? - ANSWERS✔✔The number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased. Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation? - ANSWERS✔✔Bearden v. Georgia. Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community? - ANSWERS✔✔Minimum supervision. Which 1973 Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation? - ANSWERS✔✔Gagnon v. Scarpelli. Which of the following is sometimes referred to as "community control"? - ANSWERS✔✔House arrest.
Which of the following eras of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process? - ANSWERS✔✔Reintegrative. The major component of which of the following alternatives to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work? - ANSWERS✔✔Boot camp. Which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense? - ANSWERS✔✔Offender restitution. Which is NOT a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions? - ANSWERS✔✔Rise in the number of plea bargains. In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right? - ANSWERS✔✔United States v. Birnbaum. Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations? - ANSWERS✔✔Broken-windows probation. Which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision? - ANSWERS✔✔Casework style. Which private prison company had the highest revenue in 2016? - ANSWERS✔✔CoreCivic.
Where was the first U.S. penitentiary established? - ANSWERS✔✔Philadelphia. Which private prison corporation opened the first for-profit correctional facility in 1984 in Hamilton County, Tennessee? - ANSWERS✔✔Corrections Corporation of America. What is the security level of U.S. penitentiaries? - ANSWERS✔✔High. Which federal institutions have special missions, such as the detention of pretrial offenders or containment of extremely dangerous inmates? - ANSWERS✔✔Administrative inmates? Which company received the first private contract to house adult offenders? - ANSWERS✔✔Corrections Corporation of America. About how many inmates did state and federal prisons hold in 1967? - ANSWERS✔✔Less than 300,000. Which enactment pertains to interstate transportation of stolen vehicles? - ANSWERS✔✔The Dryer Act. Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons? - ANSWERS✔✔Sanford Bates. Which act exemplifies criminal statutes extending the authority of the federal government to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local law enforcement agencies to handle? - ANSWERS✔✔The Volstead Act.
What is the primary function of prisons? - ANSWERS✔✔To hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more. Which is part of the mission statement of most prisons? - ANSWERS✔✔To prepare offenders for release and transition to the community. How many contacts per month with at least one positive contact does a basic low classification pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" require? - ANSWERS✔✔None. Which of the following is one of the ways the 2007 Second Chance Act proposed to ease the reentry process for individuals leaving prison? - ANSWERS✔✔By providing rehabilitative treatment. Which of the following early forms of parole originate on Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior? - ANSWERS✔✔Ticket of leave. Which 1972 Supreme Court decision set forth that once parole is granted, offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty? - ANSWERS✔✔Morrissey v. Brewer. What should a parole officer's first step be if he or she thinks a parolee has failed to adhere to a technical condition of parole supervision? - ANSWERS✔✔Make a determination of a violation.
Which document does a parole officer write when a parole violation occurs and the offender does NOT cooperate or absconds from supervision? - ANSWERS✔✔Notice of violation. Which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime? - ANSWERS✔✔Just desserts model. Which of the following classifications pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" requires three contacts per month with at least one positive contact? - ANSWERS✔✔Basic high. Which of the following is one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole? - ANSWERS✔✔Supervision in the community under specific conditions. What was the first stage of the Irish system of release? - ANSWERS✔✔Solitary Confinement. Which U.S. penologist advocated the Irish system in the United States and became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory? - ANSWERS✔✔Zebulon R. Brockway. Which law, enacted by the British Parliament in 1853, enabled prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police? - ANSWERS✔✔Penal servitude act. Which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates? - ANSWERS✔✔Parole guidelines.
Which nineteenth-century director of the Irish prison system created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison? - ANSWERS✔✔Sir Walter Crofton. Which offenses contributed to the most significant increase in the number of prison inmates? - ANSWERS✔✔Drug and public-order offenses. In 2015, males represented about what percentage of the violent crime arrests in the U.S.? - ANSWERS✔✔80 percent. Which of the following describes the process of finding a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act? - ANSWERS✔✔Adjudication. In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination? - ANSWERS✔✔In re Gault. In which of the following cases did the federal court rule that disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified? - ANSWERS✔✔Barefield v. Leach. Today's prison population being larger and more diverse than it was in the past is due to what? - ANSWERS✔✔The incarceration of many property and drug offenders who previously were not sentenced to prison. As a result of sentencing guidelines and mandatory prison sentences, _____. - ANSWERS✔✔Men and women charged with similar offenses are receiving similar sentences.
Crime is closely linked to which of the following? - ANSWERS✔✔Poverty and drug use. When did the Refuge Period develop? - ANSWERS✔✔Between 1824 and 1899. What does Wilbanks state in The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System? - ANSWERS✔✔Perception of the criminal justice system as racist is a myth. Which of the following refers to an informal handling of a juvenile justice case, in which the delinquent juvenile admits to wrongdoing and agrees to specific conditions of behavior; sometimes called informal probation? - ANSWERS✔✔Consent decree. What is the name for the legal exception related to a youth's age, alleged offense, and court history that can place a youth under the jurisdiction of the adult criminal court? - ANSWERS✔✔Statutory exclusion. For which process do states use terms such as certification, remand, or bind over? - ANSWERS✔✔Waiver to adult court. Which of the following is a factor inherent in correctional settings that hampers the provision of health services? - ANSWERS✔✔Difficulties in staff recruitment. Which of the following is the process during which officials determine whether a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court? - ANSWERS✔✔Intake.
When and where was the first juvenile court established? - ANSWERS✔✔Chicago, 1899. Which is the first supreme court case to support the civil commitment of sexually violent predators as long as specific requirements were followed? - ANSWERS✔✔Kansas v. Hendricks. What is the most commonly detected drug for individuals who are booked into jail and test positive for drugs? - ANSWERS✔✔Marijuana. When treating a sex offender under civil commitment, which of the following is expected? - ANSWERS✔✔Confinement is in a nonpunitive setting. For which of the following types of offenders has the BOP developed supermax prisons? - ANSWERS✔✔Violent offenders. _____ inmates are one of the most vulnerable populations in a correctional facility, and are likely to be marginalized if the many issues around their management are not identified and dealt with proactively. - ANSWERS✔✔Transgender. Which of the following is one of the three variations of the legal process of transferring juvenile offenders to adult court? - ANSWERS✔✔Statutory exclusion. The triangle of supervision used in the containment model to manage sex offenders includes _____. - ANSWERS✔✔Treatment to teach sex offenders to develop internal control over deviant thoughts.
What dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons? - ANSWERS✔✔Control and treatment. What is the most critical, expensive, and difficult issue related to the aging prisoner population? - ANSWERS✔✔Increased health care needs of elderly inmates. Which of the following is included in the "comprehensive approach" toward sex offenders? - ANSWERS✔✔Victim centeredness. Who are the primary victims of sexual assaults? - ANSWERS✔✔Females. Which of the following diseases is most commonly spread through the bloodstream as a result of drug users sharing needles? - ANSWERS✔✔Hepatits C. Approximately what percent of state prisoners who met the criteria for drug dependence or abuse received some type of drug treatment while in prison? - ANSWERS✔✔29%. For the purpose of treating a sex offender, how long can a state commit an offender to an institution? - ANSWERS✔✔Indefinitely. What is one of the functions that supermax prisons serve in regard to prison violence? - ANSWERS✔✔The control of very violent inmates. What are mentally ill inmates more likely to have than other inmates? - ANSWERS✔✔Disciplinary problems.
