History of Electrical & Electronics Engineering: Static Electricity to Computer Analysis, Slides of Electrical Circuit Analysis

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

1.1 The Electrical/Electronics Industry

• Technology and its effects on our lives
  • Healthcare and the arts
  • Computer simulations
• The Integrated Circuit (IC)
  • First developed in the late 1950’s
• Understanding of fundamental concepts
  • Once understood, will not be replaced

A Brief History – The Beginning

• Charles DuFay (charges attract or repel)
• Pieter van Musschenbroek – 1745 (Leyden jar)
• Benjamin Franklin – 1752 (used the Leyden jar to prove lightning is an electrical discharge)
• Charles Coulomb – 1784 (force between charges)
• Luigi Galvani – 1791 (effects of electricity on animals)
• Alessandro Volta – 1799 (voltaic cell)

A Brief History – The Beginning

• Hans Christian Oersted – 1820 (foundation of electromagnetism)
• Georg Ohm – 1831 (Ohm’s Law)
• Michael Faraday – 1831 (electromagnetic induction and condenser)
• James Clerk Maxwell – 1862 (electromagnetic theory of light)
• Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – 1888 (microwaves)
• Wilhelm Röntgen – 1895 (X ray)

A Brief History - The Age of Electronics

• Edwin Armstrong – 1912 (first regenerative circuit)
• Radio signals being transmitted across the U.S. – 1915
• Television
• Paul Nipkow – 1884 (electrical telescope)
• John Baird
  • 1927 ( transmission of TV over telephone lines)
  • 1928 (transmission of TV over radio waves)
• NBC – 1932 (first commercial TV antenna installed)
• Color television – 1960s

A Brief History - The Age of Electronics

• Computers
• Blaise Pascal – 1642 (earliest computer system)
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz – 1673 (Leibniz wheel)
• Charles Babbage – 1823 (difference engine)
• IBM was formed – 1924
• ENIAC – 1946 University of Pennsylvania

1.3 Units of Measurement

• The numerical value substituted into an equation must have the unit of measurement specified by the equation
• If a unit of measurement is applicable to a result or piece of data, then it must be applied to the numerical value

4000ft v = (^) 1 min = 4000mi/h 0.7576 mi Should be:^ v^ =^ 0.0167 h =^ 45.37mi/h

Units of Measurement

• Each quantity has the proper unit of measurement as defined by the equation
• The proper magnitude of each quantity as determined by the defining equation is substituted
• Each quantity is in the same system of units (or as defined by the equation)
• The magnitude of the results is of a reasonable nature when compared to the level of the substituted quantities
• The proper unit of measurement is applied to the result

1.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy, and

Rounding Off

• When writing numbers, consider:
  • format used
  • number of digits being included
  • unit of measurement to be applied
• Two type of numbers: exact and approximate
• Significant figures
• Adding approximate numbers
• Rounding off numbers

1.6 Powers of Ten

• • Powers of
  • – 1=10 0 1/10 = 0.1 =10 -
  • – 10 =10 1 1/100 = 0.01 =10 -
  • – 100 =10 2 1/1000 = 0.001 =10 -
  • – 1000 =10 3 1/10,000 = 0.0001 =10 -

Powers of Ten

• Multiplication
  • When multiplying numbers in the powers-of-ten format, first find the product of the multipliers and then determine the power of ten for the result by adding the power-of-ten exponents

Powers of Ten

• Division
  • When dividing numbers in the powers-of-ten format, first find the result of dividing the multipliers. Then determine the associated power for the result by subtracting the power of ten of the denominator from the power of ten of the numerator

Powers of Ten

• Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and

Engineering Notation

• There are generally four ways in which numbers appear - Fixed-point - Floating-point notation - Scientific (standard) notation - Engineering notation

Powers of Ten

• Prefixes
  • Specific powers of ten in engineering notation have been assigned prefixes and symbols