Computer Organization and Assembly Language (CS2522) - Spring 2019, Lecture notes of Assembly Language Programming

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Computer Organization and

Assembly Language(CS2522)

Spring

Introduction to Course

Ms. Tayyaba Zaheer < [email protected]>

Outline

• (^) Introduction
  • (^) Course
  • (^) Students
  • (^) Microprocessor Systems (Intro & History)

Course Introduction

• (^) Reference Books
• (^) Computer Organization & Architecture by William Stallings ,

6th edition

• (^) The Intel Microprocessors, 8086/8088, 80XXX & Pentium

series - Architecture, Programming and Interfacing by Barry B. Brey, 6th edition , published by Prentice Hall.

• (^) Computer Architecture by John Hennessy & David Patterson ,

3 rd^ Edition

Outline

• (^) Introduction
  • (^) Students
  • (^) Microprocessor Systems (Intro & History)

A Short List of Microprocessor Systems

• (^) Digital Computers
• (^) Digital Camera
• (^) Digital television
• (^) Digital audio & video players
• (^) Cell phones
• (^) Modern radios
• (^) Digital calculators
• (^) Medical equipments
• (^) Communication Equipments
• (^) Control systems

Main Objectives of Course

• (^) Describe the function of each unit inside the

microprocessor (Architectural details).

• (^) Understand and write code in the Intel Assembly

language for the 80xxx family.

• (^) Understand the function and working of a

microprocessor based system.

Historical Background

• (^) ENIAC

Historical Background

• (^) IAS Machine1952 by von Neumann
  • (^) I nstitute for A dvanced S tudies computer
  • First machine based on machine language(binary)

Historical Background

• (^) Transistors replaced Vacuum tubes in 1948
  • (^) Smaller, more power efficient
  • (^) Still large machines
• (^) Evolution of Integrated Circuits(IC’s) in 1958
  • (^) Many transistors packed on one die
  • (^) High density & reliability, low power

Historical Background

Gen. Dates Technology Speed Time/Ops 1 1946-1957 Vacuum tube 40 KHz 25 μs 2 1958-1964 Transistor 200 KHz 5 μs 3 1965-1971 Small and medium integrated circuits

1 MHz 1 μs

4 1972-1977 Large scale integration

10 MHz 100 ns

5 1978- Very large scale integration

100 MHz 10 ns

Example: A thermostat

• (^) 4-bit microprocessor

Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• (^) Later in 1971
  • (^8008) was released
  • (^) 8-bit version of the 4004
  • (^) It addressed a 16K byte memory
• (^) In 1973
  • (^8080) was introduced
  • (^) limitations of the speed and instruction set of 8008

were addressed and improved

• (^) It addressed a 64K bytes memory

Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• (^) In 1978-
  • (^8086) and 8088 modern μp’s were introduced.
  • (^) 16-bit microprocessors (8 bit external data bus for 8088)
  • (^) Addresses 1M byte of memory.
  • (^) 2.5 million instructions per second
  • (^) Multiply and divide instructions included
• (^) International Business Machines(IBM) decided to use

the 8088 in its first ever PC in 1981 making it very

popular

Microprocessors Age -- Intel

• (^) Intel 80x86 Family
  • (^) The 80286, 16-bit microprocessor
    • (^) Addresses a 16 M byte memory
    • (^) S p e e d 4 MIPs
  • (^) The 80386 was introduced in 1986
    • (^) It was the first 32-bit microprocessor that contained a 32- bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus.
  • (^) The 80486 was introduced in 1989
    • (^) It had an 8K byte cache memory in addition to being faster than the.