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Introduction to Computer Hardware and Data Representation, Study notes of Computer science

Computer science

A comprehensive overview of fundamental computer hardware concepts and data representation techniques. It covers topics such as number systems (hexadecimal, binary, denary), analog and digital data, logic gates, network components (mac address, ip address, packet structure), data transmission methods (serial, parallel, simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), error detection and correction techniques (parity check, checksum, echo check, arq, check digit), encryption (symmetric, asymmetric), and key cpu components (cpu, microprocessor, ram, registers, buses). The document also delves into storage types (primary, secondary, rom, magnetic, optical, solid-state) and input/output devices (sensors). This information is crucial for understanding the underlying architecture and functioning of computer systems, and would be highly relevant for students pursuing courses in computer science, information technology, or electrical engineering.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 02/09/2024

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Hexadecimal : Base-16 number system (0-9, A-F)
Binary : base-2 number system ( 0-1)
Denary : Base-10 number system (0-9)
Analogue data : A continuous stream of data processed by humans.
Digital data: Discrete data (0-1)
Logic gate : small component that controls the flow of electricity
MAC Address : unique address give to a computer while
manufacturing to identify the computer.
Character set : set of characters with each character assigned a
specific value to them, 2 sets are there ASCII (8-bit) and Unicode (16-
bit).
Pixel : smallest part of a image with only one color.
Resolution : dimensions of an image.
Metadata : information of an image such as dimensions, time and
date.
Color depth : the number of bits used to make one color.
Lossy compression : A compression method that reduces file size by
removing the data permanently.
Lossless compression : a compression method that reduces file size
by temporary altering the data.
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Hexadecimal : Base-16 number system (0-9, A-F) Binary : base-2 number system ( 0-1) Denary : Base-10 number system (0-9) Analogue data : A continuous stream of data processed by humans. Digital data: Discrete data (0-1) Logic gate : small component that controls the flow of electricity MAC Address : unique address give to a computer while manufacturing to identify the computer. Character set : set of characters with each character assigned a specific value to them, 2 sets are there ASCII (8-bit) and Unicode (16- bit). Pixel : smallest part of a image with only one color. Resolution : dimensions of an image. Metadata : information of an image such as dimensions, time and date. Color depth : the number of bits used to make one color. Lossy compression : A compression method that reduces file size by removing the data permanently. Lossless compression : a compression method that reduces file size by temporary altering the data.

Packet : small unit of data Packet header : contains information about contents of the packet and its destination. Internet protocol (IP) address : unique address provided to a device connected to a network. Payload : actual data the user wants to send. Trailer : a section of a packet that contains information about any error checking methods. Packet switching : method of transmitting data packets across a network. Network : Computer or devices connected together using cables or wireless technology. Router : Network component that examines data packet to obtain its destination address and then forward the data to this address. Serial : Transmission method which sends one bit at a time down a single wire. Parallel : Transmission method which sends multiple bits of data down multiple wires. Simplex :Transmission method where data is transmitted only in one direction. Half-duplex : Transmission method where data transmitted in both directions, but one direction at a time. Full-duplex : Transmission method where data is transmitted in bot directions at the same time. Universal serial bus (USB) : industry standard used to transmit data. Parity check : error detection method that adds and additional bit to create and odd or even sum.

Address bus : wires used for the transmission of addresses between components in a computer. Memory data register (MDR) : component in a CPU that holds data or instruction stored in the RAM. Data bus : wires used for the transmission of data and instructions between components in a computer. Current instruction register (CIR) : Register built in the CU that hold the current instruction that is being processed in the CPU. Control unit (CU) : Component in the CPU that controls all the operations in the CPU. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) : component in CPU that performs all the mathematical and logic operations. Accumulator (ACC) : a register that is built into the ALU that stores the result of any interim calculations. Control bus : wires used for the transmission of control signals between components in a computer. CPU Core : part of CPU that contains all the components used to perform fetch-decode-execute cycle. Clock speed : number of fetch-decode-execute cycle performed in a second. Cache : type of storage that is built inside a CPU to store most frequent data instructions. Sensor : type of input device that is used to capture data from its immediate environment. Primary storage : type of storage that is directly accessed by the CPU.

Secondary storage : Type of storage designed to store data permanently until it is deleted by the user. Read only memory (ROM) : type of primary storage that stores the start-up instruction for the computer. Magnetic storage : type of secondary storage that uses properties of magnetism to store data. Optical storage : type of secondary storage that uses lasers to store data. Solid-state storage : type of storage that uses transistors to store data.