Introduction to Computer Science and Engineering, Lecture notes of Computer science

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Introduction

to

Computer Science and Engineering

27 April 2019 1

Unit 1: (8)

Introduction to Computer Systems

Unit 2: (8)

Operating Systems and Networking

Unit 3: (7)

Advanced Technologies in Computer Systems

Unit 4: (7)

Trends and Contributions in Computer Engineering Name of Subject : Introduction to Computer Science and Engineering Code: 132 ( Credits 3)

 Multidisciplinary Nature of Computer Engineering  Roles and Responsibilities of Computer Engineering  World famous contribution in Computer Engineering  Computer Engineering in Nature  Frontiers in Computer Engineering UNIT 4 Trends and Contributions in Computer Engineering

Virtual Reality (VR)

 Uses computer-generated, three-dimensional images to create the

illusion of interaction in a real-world environment

 Simulation: Giving objects in a VR environment texture and shading for a 3 D appearance  Interaction: Enabling users to act on objects in a VR environment  Immersion: Giving users the feeling of being part of an environment by using special hardware and software  Telepresence: Giving users the sense that they are in another location and can manipulate objects as though in reality

• Full-body immersion: Allowing users to move around freely by combining interactive environments with cameras, monitors, and other devices
• Networked communication: Allowing users in different locations to interact and manipulate the same world at the same time by connecting two or more virtual worlds

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag  Small electronic device consisting of a small chip and an antenna

• Provides a unique identification for the card or the object carrying the tag  Types
• Passive: Include no internal power supply, can be very small
• Active: Include an internal power source and are more reliable than

passive tags

 Embedded in a sticker or under the skin

Different RFID Tags

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag  Technical problems

• Signals from multiple readers can overlap
• Signals can be jammed or disrupted
• Difficult to remove  Privacy and security issues
• Ability to read a tag’s contents after an item has left the

store

• Tags being read without customer’s knowledge
• Tags with unique serial numbers being linked to credit

card numbers

RFID Applications Category Examples Tracking and identification Railway cars and shipping containers, livestock and pets, supply-chain management Payment and stored-value systems Electronic toll systems, contactless credit cards, subway and bus passes Access control Building access cards, ski-lift passes, car ignition systems Anticounterfeiting Casino tokens, high-denomination currency notes, luxury goods, prescription drugs Health care Tracking medical tools and patients, monitoring patient data

Biometrics  Offer a high degree of accuracy that is not possible with other security measures  Used in e-commerce and banking by phone

• Using voice synthesizers and customers’ voices as the biometric element that identifies them remotely

Current and Future Applications of Biometrics ATM, credit, and debit cards Network and computer login security Web page security Voting Employee time clocks Member identification in sport clubs Airport security and fast check-in Passports and highly secured government ID cards Sporting events Cell phones and smart cards

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Disadvantages

• Susceptible to interference from other devices and to being intercepted which raises security concerns
• Lack of support for high-quality media streaming

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)  Broadband wireless technology based on the IEEE 802. 16 standards  Designed for wireless metropolitan area networks  Includes a range of about 30 miles for fixed stations; 3 - 10 miles for mobile stations  Fast and easy to install  Enables devices using same frequency to communicate

Bluetooth

 Wireless technology for

transferring data over short

distances for fixed and mobile

devices

 Used to create a personal

area network (PAN)

 Uses a radio technology

called Frequency Hopping

Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

 Used to connect devices such

as computers, GPSs, mobile

phones, laptops, printers, and

digital cameras

 Has no line-of-sight limitations

 Susceptible to interception

Grid Computing

 Involves combining the processing

powers of various computers

 Allows users to make use of other

computers’ resources to solve problems

with this configuration involving:

• Large-scale, complex calculations
• Problems that a single computer is not capable of solving in a timely manner

 Each participant in a grid is referred to

as a node