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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
SCIENCE - D684 CORRECT
analog data - ANSWERdata represented in a continuous and variable form American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) - ANSWERa standard encoding system for text characters that uses numeric values to represent letters, numbers, and symbols binary - ANSWERa numerical system that uses only two digits, zero and one, to represent data in computing Boolean expression - ANSWERa logical statement that can only be true or false and uses operators like AND, OR, and NOT character - ANSWERa single letter, digit, or symbol used in writing text character set - ANSWERa collection of characters that a computer can recognize and process, like ASCII or Unicode compression ratio: the ratio of the original data size to the compressed data size, indicating how much the data has been reduced control structure - ANSWERconstructs in programming that control the flow of execution, such as loops and conditional statements data - ANSWERraw facts and figures that can be processed to produce meaningful information data compression - ANSWERthe process of reducing the size of data to save space or transmission time data types - ANSWERcategories of data that define what kind of value can be stored, like integers, floats, and strings, and how it can be used declaration - ANSWERa statement in programming that specifies the name and type of a variable or function without assigning a value digital data - ANSWERdata represented using discrete binary values (zeroes and ones) floating point - ANSWERa way to represent real numbers that can have fractional parts using a format that includes a base and an exponent Huffman encoding - ANSWERa compression technique that uses variable-length codes for data representation based on frequency of occurrence
information - ANSWERdata that have been processed or organized in a meaningful way to be useful integer - ANSWERa whole number keyword encoding - ANSWERa method of data compression that replaces frequently occurring patterns with shorter codes lossless - ANSWERa type of data compression where no information is lost and the original data can be perfectly reconstructed lossy - ANSWERa type of data compression that reduces file size by permanently eliminating some information, which may affect quality numeric - ANSWERany value that is a number overflow - ANSWERa condition in which a calculation exceeds the maximum value that can be represented within a given number of bits pulse-code modulation (PCM) - ANSWERa method used to digitally represent analog signals radix point - ANSWERthe decimal point in a number system that indicates the separation between integer and fractional parts real - ANSWERa data type representing numbers that can have fractional parts, often called floating-point numbers reclocking - ANSWERthe process of refreshing the timing signals in digital data to ensure accuracy and synchronization run-length encoding - ANSWERa simple compression technique that replaces sequences of repeated characters with a single character and a count scientific notation - ANSWERa method of representing very large or very small numbers by using powers of 10 signed-magnitude representation - ANSWERa way of encoding positive and negative numbers where one bit represents the sign and the remaining bits represent the magnitude string - ANSWERa sequence of characters treated as a single data element and used for text manipulation
variable - ANSWERa named storage location in memory that can hold different values throughout a program abstract step - ANSWERa high-level action in an algorithm that describes what needs to be done without detailing how to do it branch - ANSWERa point in an algorithm where a decision is made, leading to different actions based on conditions (e.g., if-then statements) infinite loop - ANSWERa loop that never ends because the termination condition is never met or is incorrectly written input - ANSWERdata that are provided to a program for processing loop control variable - ANSWERa variable that determines whether the loop will continue running or stop, often incremented or modified within the loop nested structure - ANSWERa programming construct where one control structure (like a loop or a conditional statement) is placed inside another output - ANSWERdata that are produced by a program and presented to the user or another system pretest loop - ANSWERa loop that evaluates its condition before executing the body of the loop, such as a while loop pseudocode - ANSWERA simplified, human-readable version of a program's code that outlines the logic without strict syntax rules repetition (iteration) - ANSWERthe act of executing a set of instructions multiple times, typically using loops selection - ANSWERa control structure that allows a program to choose between different actions based on conditions (similar to a branch) left-to-right associativity - ANSWERthe rule that operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right in an expression magic number - ANSWERa hard-coded number in a program that lacks context or explanation, making the code harder to understand and maintain named constant - ANSWERa variable with a value that is set once and cannot be changed; it is used to give meaningful names to fixed values
overhead - ANSWERthe extra processing time, memory, or other resources required by a computer program beyond the actual task it is performing rules of precedence (order of operations) - ANSWERthe rules that define the sequence in which different operations (like addition and multiplication) are performed in an expression to ensure consistent results abstract data type - ANSWERa blueprint for organizing and working with data that defines what operations can be performed on the data without specifying how they are implemented composite variable - ANSWERa variable that can hold multiple pieces of data, often grouped together under a single name container - ANSWERa data structure that holds a collection of elements, providing methods to add, remove, and access items within it data structure - ANSWERa way of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory designed to facilitate the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data linked list - ANSWERa sequence of elements where each element points to the next one, forming a chain linked structure - ANSWERany structure composed of elements connected by links or pointers, enabling dynamic relationships among data elements list - ANSWERa collection of items arranged in a linear sequence, allowing for easy access to and the insertion and deletion of elements queue - ANSWERa data structure that follows a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order where elements are added to the back and removed from the front stack - ANSWERa data structure that follows a last-in, first-out (LIFO) order where elements are added and removed from the same end, known as the top argument - ANSWERthe actual value or data you pass to a function or subprogram when you call it parameter - ANSWERa variable in a function or subprogram definition that acts as a placeholder for the value (argument) you pass when you call the function parameter list - ANSWERa set of parameters defined in a function or subprogram specifying the number and types of inputs the function can accept
paradigm - ANSWERa style or approach to programming—such as object-oriented, procedural, or functional programming—that dictates how code is structured and organized polymorphism - ANSWERa concept that allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass algorithm - ANSWERa step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task analysis - ANSWERexamining and understanding the problem thoroughly to identify its requirements, constraints, and objectives design - ANSWERplanning and creating a solution to the problem based on the analysis; often involves the creation of algorithms and data structures implementation - ANSWERwriting code or programming to execute the designed solution using a specific programming language or tool maintenance - ANSWERthe ongoing process of keeping a system, machine, or software in good working condition testing - ANSWERevaluating the solution by running the program with different inputs to ensure it produces the expected outputs and behaves correctly end user - ANSWERthe person who ultimately uses a software application or system debugging - ANSWERthe process of identifying and fixing errors or "bugs" in the code that cause unexpected behavior or incorrect results documentation - ANSWERall the paperwork needed to produce a program high-level programming language - ANSWERa type of programming language designed to be easy for humans to read and write low-level programming language - ANSWERa type of programming language closer to the machine's native language software development lifecycle - ANSWERa systematic process consisting of several phases that are followed to produce high-quality software Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) - ANSWERan international organization dedicated to advancing computing as a science and profession assignment statement - ANSWERa line of code that assigns a value to a variable, like x = 5
binary operator - ANSWERan operator that takes two operands, such as +, -, *, and / camel casing - ANSWERa naming convention where the first letter is lowercase and each subsequent word starts with an uppercase letter, like myVariableName garbage - ANSWERunused or leftover data in memory that the program no longer needs or references Hungarian notation - ANSWERa naming convention where the name of a variable starts with a prefix indicating its type, like strName for a string variable identifier - ANSWERa name given to a variable, function, or other item in code to identify it initializing a variable - ANSWERassigning an initial value to a variable when it is declared, like int x = 10 kebob case - ANSWERa naming convention where words are all lowercase and separated by hyphens, like my-variable-name keyword (reserved word) - ANSWERa reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and cannot be used as an identifier, like if, while, and class lvalue - ANSWERan expression that refers to a memory location, which can appear on the left side of an assignment, like x in x = 5 code of ethics - ANSWERprofessional code of conduct and ethical guidelines established by organizations and industry associations to govern the behavior of computer scientists and technology professionals Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - ANSWERan international organization focused on fostering innovation and excellence in electrical, electronics, and computing engineering privacy - ANSWERrespecting and protecting individuals' privacy and confidentiality in the collection, storage, and use of personal data professionalism - ANSWERdemonstrating competence, responsibility, and accountability in all professional activities and interactions public interest - ANSWERprioritizing the well-being and safety of the public in the design, development, and deployment of computing technology and systems
concrete step - ANSWERa detailed action in an algorithm that specifies exactly how to perform a task count-controlled loop - ANSWERa loop that repeats a specific number of times; controlled by a counter variable (e.g., "for" loop) desk checking - ANSWERa manual method of reviewing the logic of a program or algorithm using a pencil and paper instead of a computer event-controlled loop - ANSWERa loop that continues to execute until a specific condition or event occurs, such as user input or a sensor reading heterogeneous - ANSWERa term describing a collection of items that are of different types homogenous - ANSWERa term describing a collection of items that are all of the same type index - ANSWERa numerical representation of an element's position within an array or list insertion sort - ANSWERa sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time by inserting each new item into its correct position processing - ANSWERthe act of performing operations on data according to a set of instructions to achieve a desired result record - ANSWERa composite variable that can store multiple fields of different data types, usually related to a single entity searching - ANSWERthe process of finding a specific item or value within a collection of data selection sort - ANSWERa simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly finds the minimum element from the unsorted part of a list and moves it to the beginning sequential search (linear search) - ANSWERa search algorithm that checks each element in a list one by one until the desired element is found or the list ends sorting - ANSWERthe process of arranging data in a particular order, such as ascending or descending flowchart - ANSWERa visual diagram that represents the steps in a process or algorithm using symbols and arrows to show the flow of control
flowline - ANSWERan arrow in a flowchart that connects symbols and indicates the direction of the process flow input symbol - ANSWERa symbol in a flowchart, typically represented as a parallelogram, that indicates where data are received by the process of receiving data from an external source, such as user input or data entry input/output symbol (I/O symbol) - ANSWERa symbol in a flowchart that represents an operation involving input or output, such as reading data from a user or displaying results output symbol - ANSWERa symbol in a flowchart that indicates the output of data from a process processing symbol - ANSWERa rectangle in a flowchart that represents a step where data is processed or an action is performed terminal symbol - ANSWERan oval or rounded rectangle in a flowchart that indicates the start or end of a process explicit conversion - ANSWERa type of conversion where the programmer manually changes a data type to another, often using a specific function or syntax floating-point number - ANSWERa number that can have a fractional part represented with decimal points integer division - ANSWERa division operation where the result is the whole number part of the quotient, discarding any remainder implicit conversion - ANSWERa type of conversion where the programming language automatically changes one data type to another without the programmer's intervention type conversion (type casting) - ANSWERthe process of changing a value from one data type to another, which can be done explicitly by the programmer or implicitly by the programming language end-structure statement - ANSWERa statement that marks the end of a block of code, such as the end of a loop or an if statement dual-alternative if - ANSWERan if statement that provides two paths: one for when the condition is true and another for when it is false (also known as if-else) loop structure - ANSWERa way to repeat a block of code multiple times based on a condition, such as for loops or while loops
partition memory management - ANSWERa method of dividing memory into segments or partitions, each of which can hold a different process physical address - ANSWERthe actual location in computer memory hardware where data is stored preemptive scheduling - ANSWERa CPU scheduling method where a running process can be interrupted and replaced by another process before it finishes process - ANSWERan instance of a running program, including its current state and memory information process control block (PCB) - ANSWERa data structure the operating system uses to store all information about a process process management - ANSWERmanaging the operating system's execution of processes, including their creation, scheduling, and termination process states - ANSWERthe various stages a process goes through during its lifecycle, such as new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated real-time system - ANSWERa computing system that processes data and responds to inputs in a specific, often very short, time frame response time - ANSWERthe time taken from the submission of a request to the start of the system's response round-robin - ANSWERa CPU scheduling algorithm where each process is assigned a fixed time slice in a rotating order shortest job next (SJN) - ANSWERa CPU scheduling algorithm that selects the process with the shortest expected execution time next single contiguous memory management - ANSWERa memory management method where all processes are loaded into a single contiguous block of memory system software - ANSWERsoftware designed to provide a platform for other software, including operating systems and utility programs thrashing - ANSWERa condition where excessive paging operations, occur leading to reduced system performance time slice - ANSWERa fixed amount of CPU time allocated to each process in a round- robin scheduling algorithm
timesharing - ANSWERa method where multiple users can access a computer system concurrently by sharing time slices of the CPU turnaround time - ANSWERthe total time taken from the submission of a process to its completion virtual machine - ANSWERsoftware emulation of a physical computer, providing the same functionality as a physical machine virtual memory - ANSWERa memory management technique that creates an illusion of a large contiguous memory space by using disk storage to extend physical memory absolute path - ANSWERthe complete and specific location of a file or directory in a file system, starting from the root directory binary file - ANSWERa file that contains data in a format that is not human readable; typically used to store executable programs or complex data structures direct file access - ANSWERthe ability to retrieve or manipulate data from a file directly without sequentially accessing preceding data directory - ANSWERa container used to organize files into a hierarchical structure on a computer system directory tree - ANSWERa graphical representation or hierarchical structure of directories and subdirectories in a file system disk scheduling - ANSWERthe method an operating system uses to efficiently schedule access to disk resources, aiming to reduce seek time and optimize performance file - ANSWERa named collection of data stored on a computer system, which can be text, an image, an executable, or any other type of information file extension - ANSWERa suffix attached to the end of a filename indicating the format or type of the file file system - ANSWERthe method and data structure an operating system uses to organize and store files on storage devices such as hard drives file type - ANSWERthe classification or category of a file based on its content and format that determines how it can be used or opened path - ANSWERa string of characters that specifies the location of a file or directory in a file system
input unit - ANSWERdevices and components used to input data into a computer system, such as keyboards and mice instruction register - ANSWERa register in the CPU that holds the current instruction being executed motherboard - ANSWERthe main circuit board of a computer, housing the CPU, memory, and other essential components output unit - ANSWERdevices and components used to output data from a computer system, such as monitors and printers pipelining - ANSWERa CPU performance enhancement technique where multiple instruction phases are overlapped to improve processing speed program counter - ANSWERa register in the CPU that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed register - ANSWERa small, fast storage location within the CPU used to hold temporary data and instructions sector - ANSWERthe smallest unit of data storage on a disk, typically part of a track track - ANSWERa circular path on the surface of a disk where data is magnetically recorded and read transfer rate - ANSWERthe speed at which data can be transmitted from one device to another, usually measured in bits per second address binding - ANSWERthe process of mapping a program's symbolic addresses to physical addresses in memory application software - ANSWERprograms designed to help users perform specific tasks, such as word processing, web browsing, or gaming batch processing - ANSWERa method of executing a series of jobs on a computer without manual intervention where tasks are processed in batches base register - ANSWERa register in the CPU that holds the starting address of the current memory segment; used in address translation bounds register - ANSWERa register that holds the ending address of a memory segment, ensuring that memory accesses stay within the allocated range context switch - ANSWERthe process of storing and restoring the state of a CPU so multiple processes can share a single CPU
CPU scheduling - ANSWERthe method by which an operating system decides which processes should be executed by the CPU and in what order demand paging - ANSWERa memory management scheme where pages of data are brought into memory only when they are needed rather than in advance dumb terminal - ANSWERa simple display and input device with no processing power relying on a central computer for computing tasks dynamic partition technique - ANSWERa memory management method where memory is divided into variable-sized partitions based on the needs of processes first-come, first-served (FCFS) - ANSWERa CPU scheduling algorithm that processes requests in the order they arrive without priority fixed partition technique - ANSWERa memory management method where memory is divided into fixed-sized partitions, each holding one process frame - ANSWERa fixed-size block of physical memory used in paging systems to hold pages of virtual memory logical address - ANSWERan address generated by the CPU during a program's execution that is then translated to a physical address memory management - ANSWERthe process of controlling and coordinating computer memory, including the allocation and deallocation of memory spaces multiprogramming - ANSWERa method where multiple programs are loaded into memory and executed by the CPU concurrently to maximize resource use access control policy - ANSWERrules that determine who can access specific resources or data in a system and which actions they can perform bandwidth - ANSWERthe maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection in a given amount of time, usually measured in bits per second (bps) Bluetooth - ANSWERa wireless technology that allows devices to communicate over short distances, typically used for connecting peripherals like headphones and keyboards broadband - ANSWERa high-speed internet connection that is always on and faster than traditional dial-up access, such as DSL, cable, and fiber-optic
hostname - ANSWERa unique name assigned to a device on a network and used to identify it ICANN - ANSWERan organization that manages the assignment of domain names and IP addresses on the internet internet backbone - ANSWERthe main infrastructure of the internet, consisting of high- speed data transmission lines and major networks internet protocol (IP) - ANSWERa set of rules governing the format of data sent over the internet or other networks internet service provider (ISP) - ANSWERa company that provides individuals and organizations access to the internet interoperability - ANSWERthe ability of different systems, devices, or software to work together and exchange information seamlessly IP address - ANSWERa unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a network, enabling it to communicate with other devices latency - ANSWERthe delay before data begins to transfer after an instruction for its transfer is given, often measured in milliseconds local-area network (LAN) - ANSWERa network that connects computers and devices within a limited area, such as a home, school, or office building metropolitan-area network (MAN) - ANSWERa network that spans a larger geographic area than a LAN, typically a city or a large campus MIME type - ANSWERa standard that indicates the nature and format of a file, used to identify the type of content being sent over the internet network neutrality - ANSWERthe principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally by ISPs, without discrimination or charging differently based on user, content, or application node (host) - ANSWERany device, such as a computer or printer, connected to a network that can send, receive, or manage data Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model - ANSWERa conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers to facilitate interoperability
open system - ANSWERa system that uses open standards and protocols, allowing it to interact with other systems and be modified or extended by third parties packet - ANSWERa small unit of data transmitted over a network, containing both the data being sent and control information for routing packet switching - ANSWERa method of data transmission where data is broken into packets and sent over various routes to its destination, where it is reassembled phone modem - ANSWERa device that converts digital data from a computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines, and vice versa ping - ANSWERa network utility that tests the reachability of a host on a network and measures the time it takes for a message to travel to the host and back port - ANSWERa virtual point where network connections start and end, used to identify specific processes or services on a device proprietary system - ANSWERa system that is privately owned and controlled, often requiring specific software or hardware to operate protocol - ANSWERa set of rules that define how data is formatted, transmitted, and received over a network protocol stack - ANSWERa set of network protocol layers that work together to handle data communication, often referred to as a protocol suite P2P model - ANSWERa network model where each device can act as both a client and a server, sharing resources directly with other devices without a central server repeater - ANSWERa device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher power level to extend the range of the network ring topology - ANSWERa network configuration where each device is connected to two other devices, forming a circular data path router - ANSWERa device that directs data between different networks, ensuring data packets reach their correct destinations star topology - ANSWERa network configuration where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch, facilitating communication TCP/IP - ANSWERa set of protocols that governs how data is transmitted over the internet, ensuring reliable communication
