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PLNT 1213: Plant and Soil Final Exam
Food Security - correct answer ✔✔when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle...includes monetary and physical ability have food What are the 12 soil orders? - correct answer ✔✔1. Alfisols
- Andisols
- Aridisols
- Entisols
- Gelisols
- Histosols
- Inceptisols
- Mollisols
- Oxisols
- Spodosols
- Ultisols
- Vertisols What is Oklahoma's state soil? - correct answer ✔✔port silt loam What is soil composed of? - correct answer ✔✔1. Minerals (45%)
- Air (25%)
- Water (25%)
- Organic matter (5%) What are the soil particle sizes in order from smallest to largest? - correct answer ✔✔clay > silt > sand What are very large particles not considered to be soil? - correct answer ✔✔rock >2mm
What affects how much space is left for water and air in the soil matrix? - correct answer ✔✔the different sized soil particles present What are the five soil forming factors? - correct answer ✔✔1. Parent material
- Climate
- Biota
- Topography or relief
- Time What are the four principle functions of soil? - correct answer ✔✔1. Production
- Engineering
- Ecosystem services
- Habitat What are the four soil horizons? - correct answer ✔✔1. O (organic horizon on the surface)
- A (topsoil which is the most productive)
- B (subsoil)
- C (unconsolidated parent material or rock) Shoot - correct answer ✔✔above ground portion of the plant including leaves, stems, and eventually inflorescence What are leaves' role in photosynthesis? - correct answer ✔✔1. Intercept light
- Regulate gas exchange (water vapor and carbon dioxide)
- Move sugars into the vasculature Cotton has what kind of leaf shape? - correct answer ✔✔palmate
What type of root does a dicot have? - correct answer ✔✔taproot What type of root does a monocot have? - correct answer ✔✔fibrous root Annual - correct answer ✔✔complete life cycle in one growing season Biennial - correct answer ✔✔complete life cycle in two years Perennial - correct answer ✔✔persist year after year What are the industrial crop categories? - correct answer ✔✔1. Cereal crops
- Pulse crops
- Root/tuber crops
- Oil crops
- Forage crops
- Bioenergy crops
- Fiber crops What are the agronomic crop categories? - correct answer ✔✔1. Cash crops
- Cover crops
- Companion crops
- Trap crops What are the characteristics of a crop? - correct answer ✔✔1. Edible or useful in some way
- High yielding
- Easily harvested In what ways can a crop be measured? - correct answer ✔✔1. Biological yield
- Economic yield
- Caloric content
- Harvest index Biological yield - correct answer ✔✔dry matter produced per plant per unit area Economic yield - correct answer ✔✔valuable dry matter produced (salable or useful) Caloric content - correct answer ✔✔energy contained in the harvestable product Harvest index - correct answer ✔✔proportion of the plant that is usable How do you calculate harvest index? - correct answer ✔✔HI=(economic yield)/(biological yield) (100% edible plants have HI=1) If you have a crop that yields 100g of harvest and the total mass of the crop is 200g, what is the harvest index? - correct answer ✔✔HI=(100g)/(200g)=. How do plants store energy? - correct answer ✔✔carbohydrates and lipids What is the center of origin? - correct answer ✔✔where a crop originates and usually has a high variety or diversity Plant growth - correct answer ✔✔permanent increase in cell size or number Meristem - correct answer ✔✔area in the plant where cells are dividing and enlarging rapidly, resulting in plant growth Apical meristem - correct answer ✔✔top growth point
Indeterminate - correct answer ✔✔continues vegetative growth while reproductive growth occurs What are some examples of indeterminate plants? - correct answer ✔✔cotton and green beans What are some examples of plants that can be either determinate or indeterminate? - correct answer ✔✔soybeans, tomatoes, and canola What is the product of respiration? - correct answer ✔✔energy, carbon dioxide, and water What is the product of photosynthesis? - correct answer ✔✔glucose and oxygen What is the equation for photosynthesis? - correct answer ✔✔6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O carbon dioxide + water + light --> glucose + oxygen Rubisco - correct answer ✔✔enzyme in the calvin cylce that fixes carbon What is the most abundant enzyme on Earth? - correct answer ✔✔rubisco Does rubisco have good or poor specificity? - correct answer ✔✔poor (binds to either oxygen or CO2 but NOT BOTH) What is the term for rubisco binding to oxygen (O2) and making carbon dioxide (CO2)? - correct answer ✔✔photorespiration What is the difference in photosynthesis and respiration? - correct answer ✔✔Photosynthesis
- Occurs ONLY in green plant cells
- Takes place ONLY in light
- Uses H2O and CO2 (water and carbon dioxide)
- Releases O2 (oxygen)
- Food is accumulated which increases weight
Respiration
- Occurs in ALL living cells
- Takes place ALL the time
- Uses sugars (from photosynthesis)
- Releases H2O and CO2 (water and carbon dioxide)
- Food is broken down which decreases weight Translocation - correct answer ✔✔transport of SUGARS down through the PHLOEM from sources to sinks Transpiration - correct answer ✔✔transport of WATER up through the XYLEM from roots to leaves and out the STOMA to the atmosphere How does water move through the plant? - correct answer ✔✔1. In through the ROOT HAIRS
- Up through the XYLEM (via capillary action)
- Across to the PHLOEM (via water pressure differential)
- Out through the STOMATA (via evaporation) Soil tilth - correct answer ✔✔physical condition of the soil as it relates to tillage, planting, germination, and emergence What kind of tilth would a soil with adequate pore space (for water and air) and adequate nutrient supply have? - correct answer ✔✔good tilth What soil properties influence soil tilth and crop growth? - correct answer ✔✔1. Texture
- Structure
- Soil organic matter
- Density
- Aeration
A seed analyst is conducting germination tests on a sample of peanut seeds. After 3 days, she notes that 5 out of 20 have developed normal seedlings. What is the percent germination? - correct answer ✔✔ %germ=[(5)/(20)]* =(.25)* =25% Do seeding rates = plant population? - correct answer ✔✔NO! Plant population - correct answer ✔✔number of plants growing per unit area What does plant population depend on? - correct answer ✔✔%PLS or (percent of pure live seed) How do you calculate the seeding rate or %PLS? - correct answer ✔✔%PLS=(%germ)*(%purity) What is the least accurate planter? - correct answer ✔✔broadcast spreader What are the disadvantages of the broadcast spreader? - correct answer ✔✔1. Doesn't make rows
- Poor distribution
- Hard to calibrate
- Can only use small seeds Evapotranspiration - correct answer ✔✔total water consumed in the production of plant biomass or water that is lost through transpiration (by the plant) as well as through evaporation (by the soil) Physiological maturity - correct answer ✔✔when the plant stops depositing seeds and reaches maximum dry weight Harvest maturity - correct answer ✔✔when the moisture content of the seeds is appropriate for processing and storage
Dry down after physiological maturity is entirely due to what? - correct answer ✔✔evaporative moisture loss What is the criteria for an "essential element"? - correct answer ✔✔1. Plant cannot complete its life cycle without the element
- Deficiency symptoms can be correctly by applying the element
- Element is directly involved in metabolic processes What are the non-mineral nutrients? - correct answer ✔✔1. Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Oxygen (O) What accounts for 96% of plant's dry weight? - correct answer ✔✔non-mineral nutrients (CHO) Which nutrients can be extracted from a larger area in the soil? - correct answer ✔✔mobile nutrients What are the mobile nutrients in the soil? - correct answer ✔✔nitrogen (N) What are the immobile nutrients in the soil? - correct answer ✔✔phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) How do plants acquire nutrient elements? - correct answer ✔✔1. Root inception
- Diffusion
- Mass flow What are the types of pest management strategies? - correct answer ✔✔1. Legal control
- Cultural control
- Biological control
- Mechanical control
- Chemical control
- Requires few inputs
- Fits into current management
- Low risk of invasiveness
- Continuous, consistent supply
- Easy to harvest or process
- Limited production of by-products or finding a use for those by-products What is the commonality between bio-diesel feedstocks? - correct answer ✔✔all OILS What is the commonality between ethanol feedstocks? - correct answer ✔✔all CARBOHYDRATES Morningglory scientific name - correct answer ✔✔Lpomoea spps Morningglory - correct answer ✔✔weed: vine that climbs crop plants to compete for sunlight resulting in complicated harvest Pigweed scientific name - correct answer ✔✔Amaranthus spps What is the principle issue of pigweed? - correct answer ✔✔its resistance to RoundUp Silverleaf nightshade scientific name - correct answer ✔✔Solanum elaeagnifolium Silverleaf nightshade - correct answer ✔✔weed: leaves and berries contain alkaloids that are toxic to people and livestock Johnsongrass scientific name - correct answer ✔✔Sorghum halapense Why is johnsongrass difficult to control - correct answer ✔✔because it's related to sorghum
Yellow nutsedge scientific name - correct answer ✔✔Cyperus esculentus Yellow nutsedge - correct answer ✔✔weed: triangular stem, found in wet areas and forms symbiotic relationship with nematodes Test weight - correct answer ✔✔estimates the weight of ONE bushel of grain What affects test weights (TW)? - correct answer ✔✔1. Species
- Moisture
- Disease
- Drought
- Hail
- Variety What is the test weight of corn? - correct answer ✔✔56# and 15.5% moisture What is the test weight of wheat? - correct answer ✔✔60# and 13.5% moisture What is the test weight of soybean? - correct answer ✔✔60# and 13% moisture Where/when did soybeans orginate? - correct answer ✔✔Northeastern China in 2838 B.C. When did soybeans appear in Europe and the U.S.? - correct answer ✔✔Europe in the 17th century and U.S. in 1804 Climatic requirements of soybeans are similar to what? - correct answer ✔✔Corn's climatic requirements What is the ideal temperature for soybeans? - correct answer ✔✔75 to 77 degrees F
- Flowering and boll development
- Maturation What is the base temperature for cotton? - correct answer ✔✔60 degrees F What type of weeds affect cotton? - correct answer ✔✔summer annual broadleaf weeds What is unique about cotton herbicide applications? - correct answer ✔✔they can be post-directed and hooded What are the herbicide resistant varieties of cotton? - correct answer ✔✔RoundUp Ready and Liberty Link What insects affect cotton? - correct answer ✔✔thrips, boll weevils, boll worms, and stink bugs What diseases affect cotton? - correct answer ✔✔seedling diseases and wilts How is cotton harvested? - correct answer ✔✔stripper or picker Eli Whitney - correct answer ✔✔developed cotton engine or "gin" in 1793 which separated seeds from fibers and used saws to cut the the seeds enabling cotton bales How is cotton graded? - correct answer ✔✔1. Fiber color
- Length
- Strength
- Trash content What happens when cotton is exposed to rain? - correct answer ✔✔turns darker What crop is baled and barcoded? - correct answer ✔✔cotton
Who brought peanuts to Europe, Africa, and Asia? - correct answer ✔✔Spanish and Portuguese How were peanuts introduced to the U.S. - correct answer ✔✔slave trade from Africa Who is the top U.S. peanut producer? - correct answer ✔✔Georgia U.S. peanuts have _____ acres? - correct answer ✔✔1.2 million What are the four types of peanuts? - correct answer ✔✔1. Spanish
- Runner
- Virginia
- Valencia Spanish peanuts - correct answer ✔✔smaller kernels with reddish-brown skin and used as peanut candy or salted nuts Runner peanuts - correct answer ✔✔look like Spanish peanuts and are the most common type in the U.S. and used for peanut butter Virginia peanuts - correct answer ✔✔largest kernels and used for roasted peanuts in shells at restaurants, etc. Valencia peanuts - correct answer ✔✔three or more small kernels to each pod and are roasted in shells used for organic peanut butter What type of leaves do peanut plants have? - correct answer ✔✔pinnately compound Is a peanut a legume? - correct answer ✔✔yes--slow growing, annual, legume
What are the major limitations to forage production? - correct answer ✔✔1. Water
- Growing season
- Nitrogen (N) fertilization which builds up protein content in forages
