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Hondros Bio 117 Final Exam
allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium to bypass pulmonary circulation - ✔️ ✔️ foramen ovale
carries blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava; allows some blood to bypass the liver - ✔️ ✔️ ductus venosus
atrial contraction; systole; p wave - ✔️ ✔️ atrial depolarization
max volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation - ✔️ ✔️ vital capacity
allows blood in pulmonary artery to flow directly into the descending aorta to bypass the pulmonary circulation - ✔️ ✔️ ductus arteriosus
ventricular relaxtion; diastole; t wave - ✔️ ✔️ ventricular repolarization
most important stimulus for the release of aldosterone - ✔️ ✔️ renin
volume of air in lungs following maximal inhalation - ✔️ ✔️ total lung capacity
provides oxygenated blood to brain - ✔️ ✔️ circle of willis
aorta; left pulmonary veins; left atrium; left ventricle; bicuspid - ✔️ ✔️ structures that carry oxygenated blood (left heart)
pulmonary arteries; vena cava; right atrium; right ventricle; tricuspid - ✔️ ✔️ structures that carry unoxygenated blood (right heart)
transport unoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta - ✔️ ✔️ umbilical arteries
transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus - ✔️ ✔️ umbilical vein
volume of air that remains in lung after forceful exhalation - ✔️ ✔️ residual volume
ventricular contraction; systole; qrs complex - ✔️ ✔️ ventricular depolarization
located between left ventricle and left aorta - ✔️ ✔️ aortic semilunar valve
located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery - ✔️ ✔️ pulmonic semilunar
two semilunar valves - ✔️ ✔️ pulmonary and aortic
pushes blood out of the heart into the pulmonary trunk-lungs - ✔️ ✔️ right ventricle
decreases thoracic and lung volume and increases pressure in the lungs - ✔️ ✔️ exhalation
space between the vocal cords - ✔️ ✔️ glottis/rima glottidis
vagus nerve effects - ✔️ ✔️ sa node
pacemaker of the heart - ✔️ ✔️ SA node
right heart pumps blood to the - ✔️ ✔️ pulmonary circulation
acetylcholine; rest; decrease temp; hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia; parasympathetic nervous system - ✔️ ✔️ factors that decrease heart rate
norepinephrine; epinephrine; stress; increase in temp; anticholinergic drugs; hypokalemia; hypercalcemia - ✔️ ✔️ factors that increase heart rate
Left AV valve - ✔️ ✔️ Bicuspid
what substance is secreted in urine to decrease bloods ph - ✔️ ✔️ bicarbonte HCO
what substance is secreted in urine to increase bloods ph - ✔️ ✔️ hydrogen ions
plasma protein albumin is produced by - ✔️ ✔️ liver
volume of blood pumped from one ventricular of the heart with each beat - ✔️ ✔️ stroke volume
volume of blood being pumped by heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in the time of one minute - ✔️ ✔️ cardiac output
vagus nerve - ✔️ ✔️ decreases heart rate
Right AV valve - ✔️ ✔️ Tricuspid
septum between right and left atria - ✔️ ✔️ foramen ovale
eliminated when we have acidosis - ✔️ ✔️ hydrogen ions
only structure of respiratory tract that is part of digestive system - ✔️ ✔️ pharynx
protein is digested - ✔️ ✔️ stomach and duodenum
enzyme that breaks down starch - ✔️ ✔️ amylase
caused by closing of semilunar valves - ✔️ ✔️ 2nd heart sound
caused by closing of the av valves - ✔️ ✔️ 1st heart sound
Causes bronchoconstriction - ✔️ ✔️ Parasympathetic-acetylcholine
lower than normal amount of potassium in the blood - ✔️ ✔️ hypokalemia
chemical alteration of food - ✔️ ✔️ chemical digestion
breakdown of large food particles into smaller pieces - ✔️ ✔️ mechanical digestion
controls the diaphragm - ✔️ ✔️ phrenic nerve
chief muscle of inspiration - ✔️ ✔️ diaphragm
enzyme that digests fat - ✔️ ✔️ lipase
excess potassium in the blood - ✔️ ✔️ hyperkalemia
decrease in the concentration of plasma sodium - ✔️ ✔️ hyponatremia
fluid located in the intracellular space - ✔️ ✔️ cytoplasm
Lowers calcium levels - ✔️ ✔️ Calcitonin
stimulates the reabsorption of water - ✔️ ✔️ ADH
pharynx is superior to the - ✔️ ✔️ larynx
digests, absorbs, secrets hormones and digestive enzymes - ✔️ ✔️ functions of small intestine
arteries have higher blood pressure than - ✔️ ✔️ veins
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex - ✔️ ✔️ aldosterone
arterioles have higher blood pressure than - ✔️ ✔️ venules
pulses 1st originated to the last - ✔️ ✔️ sa node, av node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
produces bile - ✔️ ✔️ liver
Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________. - ✔️ ✔️ duodenum
volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation - ✔️ ✔️ inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation - ✔️ ✔️ expiratory reserve volume
enzyme that activates the angio-aldosterone system - ✔️ ✔️ renin
connects with the stomach aka cardiac sphincter - ✔️ ✔️ lower esophageal sphincter LES
2nd heart sound is caused by - ✔️ ✔️ Closing of Semilunar valves
1st heart sound - ✔️ ✔️ AV valves closing
tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder - ✔️ ✔️ ureters
right lungs has how many lobes - ✔️ ✔️ 3
Left lung has how many lobes? - ✔️ ✔️ 2
caps larynx to prevent food from entering the airway - ✔️ ✔️ epiglottis
traps pathogens/particles and goes to stomach - ✔️ ✔️ mucous
relaxation of external sphincter - ✔️ ✔️ voluntary
stimulates production of Red Blood Cells - ✔️ ✔️ erythropoietin
parts of small intestine - ✔️ ✔️ duodenum, jejunum, ileum
#1 fuel choice - ✔️ ✔️ carbs
tiny air sacs in the lungs - ✔️ ✔️ alveoli
Causes Jaundice - ✔️ ✔️ Bilirubin
blood clotting - ✔️ ✔️ vitamin K
albumin maintains - ✔️ ✔️ osmotic pressure
extracellular fluid - ✔️ ✔️ interstitial fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid and plasma
storage, excretion, phagocytosis, detoxification, synthesis of plasma proteins, metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats - ✔️ ✔️ liver function
sagittal plane - ✔️ ✔️ a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
frontal plane - ✔️ ✔️ divides the body into anterior and posterior portions aka coronal plane
anything that occupies space and has weight-solid, liquid, gas - ✔️ ✔️ matter
a solution has 2 parts - ✔️ ✔️ solvent and solution
substance being dissolved in a solution - ✔️ ✔️ solute
subatomic particles - ✔️ ✔️ protons, neutrons, electrons
two or more atoms bonded together - ✔️ ✔️ molecule
superior - ✔️ ✔️ above another structure
inferior - ✔️ ✔️ part located below another part
medial - ✔️ ✔️ toward the midline of the body
lateral - ✔️ ✔️ away from the midline
superficial - ✔️ ✔️ located on or near the surface of the body
particles are relatively large and tend to settle to the bottom unless mixture is shaken continually - ✔️ ✔️ suspensions
the particles that are mixed together remain evenly distributed - ✔️ ✔️ solutions
proximal - ✔️ ✔️ closer to the point of attachment
caused by transfer of electrons between atoms - ✔️ ✔️ ionic bond
involves a sharing of electrons by the outer shells of the atoms - ✔️ ✔️ covalent bond
ion is positively charged - ✔️ ✔️ cation
ion is negatively charged - ✔️ ✔️ anion
Posterior (dorsal) - ✔️ ✔️ Toward the back
Anterior (ventral) - ✔️ ✔️ toward the front surface
Homeostasis - ✔️ ✔️ body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment
two or more different atoms bonded together - ✔️ ✔️ compound
major component of cellular membrane - ✔️ ✔️ phospholipids
5 steroids - ✔️ ✔️ cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Polyaccharides - ✔️ ✔️ starch and glycogen
Disaccharides - ✔️ ✔️ Sucrose and lactose
Monosaccharides - ✔️ ✔️ glucose and fructose
what is the energy molecule - ✔️ ✔️ ATP
the more H+ we have in a solution the more - ✔️ ✔️ acidic
more water, less salt. this solution causes red blood cells to burst - ✔️ ✔️ hypotonic solution
organic compounds that are commonly called fats and oils - ✔️ ✔️ lipids
sites of protein synthesis - ✔️ ✔️ ribosomes
taking in or ingestion of substances by the cell membrane - ✔️ ✔️ endocytosis
mitosis - ✔️ ✔️ 46 chromosomes
less water, more salt - ✔️ ✔️ hypertonic
transverse plane - ✔️ ✔️ a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Body's level of organization - ✔️ ✔️ atoms-molecules-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems
anatomy - ✔️ ✔️ the study of body structure
physiology - ✔️ ✔️ study of function
pathophysiology - ✔️ ✔️ defects of a function
part of solution present in the greater amount. it does the dissolving and is usually liquid or gas - ✔️ ✔️ solvent
stimulated state-due to influx of NA (sodium) - ✔️ ✔️ depolarization
activated during periods of stress or times when a person feels threatened - ✔️ ✔️ sympathetic nervous system
inability to drain the aqueous humour - ✔️ ✔️ glaucoma
located inbetween the external and middle ear - ✔️ ✔️ eardrum (tympanic membrane)
long shaft of bone - ✔️ ✔️ diaphysis
enlarged ends of long bones - ✔️ ✔️ epiphyses
found in arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs and legs - ✔️ ✔️ long bones
found in the wrist and ankles-cubed shaped - ✔️ ✔️ short bones
mature bone cells - ✔️ ✔️ osteocytes
build bones - ✔️ ✔️ osteoblasts
breakdown or chew bone - ✔️ ✔️ osteoclasts
vertebral column - ✔️ ✔️ cervical 1-7, thoracic 1-12, lumbar 1- 5
bending of a joint - ✔️ ✔️ flexion (biceps)
middle ear bones - ✔️ ✔️ ear ossicles
voluntary; overlies the skeleton and are striated - ✔️ ✔️ skeletal muscle
form in the ribs, breastbone, cranium, and shoulder girdle; thin, flat and curved - ✔️ ✔️ flat bones
hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, stress hormone, increases glycaemia, decreases immunity and increases abdominal fat - ✔️ ✔️ cortisol
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol - ✔️ ✔️ acth-adrenocorticotropic hormone
hormone produced by the pancreas that increases the blood glucose levels; it makes the liver break down the glycogen into glucose - ✔️ ✔️ glucagon
paranasal cavities - ✔️ ✔️ frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
protein hormone produced by the pancreas that increases the blood glucose levels - ✔️ ✔️ insulin
the way glucose is stored mainly in the liver and muscles - ✔️ ✔️ glycogen
hormones that have opposite functions/actions - ✔️ ✔️ antagonists
nerve fibers that carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors - ✔️ ✔️ efferent
Amphiarthrosis (intervertabtal discs) - ✔️ ✔️ slightly movable joints
Diarthrosis (knees, elbows, wrists) - ✔️ ✔️ freely movable joints
stimulates the breast develop to produce milk - ✔️ ✔️ prolactin
stores important minerals, calcium, and phosphorus. contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells - ✔️ ✔️ skeletal system
paranasal sinuses - ✔️ ✔️ frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Synarthrosis (sutures between skulls-flat bones) - ✔️ ✔️ immovable joints
released by the sympathetic nerve and induces bronchodilation and vasocontriction - ✔️ ✔️ norepinephrine
most active during quiet, non stressful conditions. has a calming effect on the body - ✔️ ✔️ Parasympathetic nervous system
Photoreceptors for gray/black/white vision - ✔️ ✔️ rods
receptors stimulated by changes in pressure or movement of body fluids - ✔️ ✔️ mechanoreceptors
break in which skin remains intact - ✔️ ✔️ simple fracture
process of bone formation - ✔️ ✔️ ossification
Where does endochondral ossification occur? - ✔️ ✔️ Long bones
straightening of a joint - ✔️ ✔️ extension
somatosensory area - ✔️ ✔️ parietal lobe
motor area - ✔️ ✔️ frontal lobe
steroid hormone receptors are located where - ✔️ ✔️ inside the cell on the nucleus
pain hormones-these molecules give the pain sensation and are secreted by various tissues whenever there is an injury - ✔️ ✔️ prostaglandins
helps regulate fat, glucose, and protein metabolism - ✔️ ✔️ cortisol
secreted by the parathyroid glands-increases plasma calcium - ✔️ ✔️ parathyroid hormones
secreted by the thyroid gland and decreases plasma levels - ✔️ ✔️ calcitonin
secreted by the thyroid gland, control metabolic rate and regulate growth and development - ✔️ ✔️ thyroid hormone
contracts uterine muscles during labor - ✔️ ✔️ oxytocin
hearing receptors are located - ✔️ ✔️ in the cochlea
stimulates the adrenal cortx to secrete steroids - ✔️ ✔️ ACTH
blood forming cells-located in spongy bone - ✔️ ✔️ red bone marrow
another word for joint - ✔️ ✔️ articulation
vital function (regulation of heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure, respiratory centers) reflux for coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting - ✔️ ✔️ medulla oblongta
smooths out and coordinates voluntary muscle activity; helps in the maintenance of balance and muscle tone - ✔️ ✔️ cerebellum function
location of protein (non steroid) hormone receptors - ✔️ ✔️ extracellular
location of the receptors for steroid hormones, such as cortisol - ✔️ ✔️ intracellular
stimulates the development of the ova and sperm - ✔️ ✔️ follicle stimulating hormone
sluggish, weight gain, TSH levels are high, low T3 and T4 - ✔️ ✔️ hypothyroidism
thyroid stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary - ✔️ ✔️ TSH
an element from diet that needs to be in sufficient amounts in order to produce T3 and T4 - ✔️ ✔️ iodine
stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys - ✔️ ✔️ ADH
causes ovulation in women, stimulates progesterone in women and testosterone in men
- ✔️ ✔️ luteinizing hormone
in highly movable joints - ✔️ ✔️ synovial fluid
includes hip bones, vertebra, and various bones in the skull - ✔️ ✔️ irregular bones
motor area-personality-behavior-emotional expression-intellectual functions-memory storage - ✔️ ✔️ frontal lobe functions
allows you to experience the sensations of temp, pain, light touch, and proprioception. Also concerned with reading, speech and taste - ✔️ ✔️ parietal lobe functions
CNS includes the - ✔️ ✔️ brain and spinal cord
responsible for contraction of muscle - ✔️ ✔️ sarcomeres
supplies the skeletal muscle. emerges from the brain and spinal cord and travels to the skeletal muscle - ✔️ ✔️ somatic motor nerve
involuntary-found in organs and nonstriated - ✔️ ✔️ smooth muscle
receives signals from other neurons and then transmit the signals toward the cell body - ✔️ ✔️ dendrites
PNS includes what: - ✔️ ✔️ Cranial nerves and spinal nerves; all the neural tissue outside the CNS
contains the nucleus - ✔️ ✔️ cell body
Stimulates growth - ✔️ ✔️ Growth hormone
located in the cochlea, inner ear - ✔️ ✔️ hearing receptors
hearing and speech - ✔️ ✔️ temporal lobe
otoliths are important for - ✔️ ✔️ equilibrium
nerve fibers that carry impulses from the receptors to the CNS - ✔️ ✔️ afferent
powerful antimolecule inflammatory molecule, increase blood glucose levels, decrease immunity, if in excess increased belly fat, aka stress hormone - ✔️ ✔️ major affects of cortisol
increases blood glucose - ✔️ ✔️ glucagon
decreases blood glucose - ✔️ ✔️ insulin
salt retention hormone - ✔️ ✔️ aldosterone
sodium levels in the blood - ✔️ ✔️ natremia
hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates T3 and T4 secretion in the blood - ✔️ ✔️ TSH
chemical messengers that influence our control activities of other tissues and organs - ✔️ ✔️ hormones
involved in chewing - ✔️ ✔️ masseter
flexion of forearm - ✔️ ✔️ biceps brachii
extension of forearm - ✔️ ✔️ triceps brachii
connects bone to bone - ✔️ ✔️ ligaments
connects muscle to bone - ✔️ ✔️ tendons
freely movable joints (shoulders, hips) - ✔️ ✔️ ball and socket
freely movable joints (elbows, knees) - ✔️ ✔️ hinge
receptors stimulated by changes in temp - ✔️ ✔️ thermoreceptors
receptors stimulated by tissue damage or distention - ✔️ ✔️ pain receptors or nocieptors
receptors stimulated by changes in the chemicals such as hydrogen ions, calcium, and food - ✔️ ✔️ chemoreceptors
receptors stimulated by light - ✔️ ✔️ photoreceptors
Neurotransmitters that cause constriction of the pupil (miosis) - ✔️ ✔️ acetylcholine
Photoreceptors for gray/black/white vision - ✔️ ✔️ rods
Receptors stimulated by changes in pressure or movement of body fluids - ✔️ ✔️ mechanoreceptors
break in which the skin remains intact - ✔️ ✔️ simple fracture
process of bone formation - ✔️ ✔️ ossification
Where does endochondral ossification take place? - ✔️ ✔️ in the long bones at the epiphyseal disc or growth plate
straightening of a joint - ✔️ ✔️ extension
somatosensory area - ✔️ ✔️ parietal lobe
motor area - ✔️ ✔️ frontal lobe
steroid hormone receptors are located where - ✔️ ✔️ inside the cell on the nucleus
pain hormones - ✔️ ✔️ prostaglandins
helps regulate fat, glucose and protein metabolism - ✔️ ✔️ cortisol
includes hip bones, vertebra, and various bones in the skull - ✔️ ✔️ irregular bones
what cellular division leads to the formation of sperm and egg - ✔️ ✔️ meosis
primary reproductive organs for men - ✔️ ✔️ gonads-testes
primary reproductive organs for women - ✔️ ✔️ gonads-ovaries
how many chromosomes with meiosis - ✔️ ✔️ 23
how many chromosomes with mitosis - ✔️ ✔️ 46
produces ATP - ✔️ ✔️ mitochondria
helps sperm burrow/anchor onto the egg - ✔️ ✔️ acrosome
where do we produce testosterone - ✔️ ✔️ interstitial cells
genital ducts pathway - ✔️ ✔️ testes-epididymis-vas deferens-ejaculatory duct-urethra
breeding - ✔️ ✔️ Parasympathetic nervous system
penis becomes enlarged because Parasympathetic NS-acetylcholine - ✔️ ✔️ erection
movement of semen from genital ducts into proximal urethra by peristalsis stimulated by sympathetic NS-norepinephrine - ✔️ ✔️ emission
expulsion of semen from urethra caused by skeletal muscle contractions - ✔️ ✔️ ejaculation
penis returns to resting size when what causes contraction of arteries to penis, decreasing blood flow in and increasing venous flow out - ✔️ ✔️ sympathetic NS- norepinephrine
anterior pituitary hormones - ✔️ ✔️ FSH and LH
releasing hormones gonadotropins - ✔️ ✔️ hypothalamus hormones
stimulates seminiferous tubules to produce sperm - ✔️ ✔️ FSH
stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone - ✔️ ✔️ LH
negative feedback control - ✔️ ✔️ testosterone
major action of FSH on testes - ✔️ ✔️ produces sperm
site of fertilization - ✔️ ✔️ fallopian tubes
bottom of the uterus - ✔️ ✔️ cervix
site of implantation - ✔️ ✔️ uterus
uterine lining that sheds during menstruation-innermost layer of uterus - ✔️ ✔️ endometrium
contracts due to a posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin during labor (positive feedback)- muscular layer of uterus - ✔️ ✔️ myometrium
outermost layer of uterus - ✔️ ✔️ perimetrium
makes the uterine lining cells undergo mitosis to proliferate=cellular renewal - ✔️ ✔️ estrogen
thickens the lining of the uterus - ✔️ ✔️ progesterone
pregnancy hormone - ✔️ ✔️ progesterone
Ovum gets produced through meiosis and the ovarian follicle hosting the egg matures to become the mature ovarian follicle - ✔️ ✔️ FSH
extruded ovum from the exploding graafin follicle gets swept into fallopian tube - ✔️ ✔️ LH
ovulation-egg - ✔️ ✔️ LH
graafin follicle-follicular cells-egg - ✔️ ✔️ FSH
parts of uterus - ✔️ ✔️ fundus, body, cervix
buffers to maintain pH of blood that also maintains osmotic pressure of the blood - ✔️ ✔️ albumins
gamma globulins are antibodies involved in immunity - ✔️ ✔️ globulins
converts into insoluble fibrin to form blood clots - ✔️ ✔️ fibrinogen
