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A concise introduction to the fundamental concepts and patterns of logic, including the definition of logic, arguments, statements, truth values, premises, conclusions, inferences, propositions, and various types of logical reasoning such as syllogistic logic and modal logic. It also covers different argument patterns, expository passages, illustrations, explanations, and conditional statements. The document lays the groundwork for understanding the basic principles and applications of logic, which is a crucial skill for academic and critical thinking. By studying this document, students can gain a solid foundation in the core elements of logic and learn to analyze arguments, identify logical fallacies, and apply logical reasoning to a variety of contexts.
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Logic - >>>the organized body of knowledge Argument - >>>a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). Statement - >>>a sentence that is either true or false--in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence. truth value - >>>truth and falsity of a statement premise - >>>the statements that set forth the reasons or evidence conclusion - >>>the statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply. conclusion indicator - >>>a word that provides a clue to a conclusion premise indicator - >>>a word that provides a clue to identifying a premise inference - >>>the reasoning process expressed by an argument. proposition - >>>the meaning or information content of a statement. syllogistic logic - >>>a kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms
modal logic - >>>a kind of logic that involves such a concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt. Four basic argument patterns - >>>Vertical, horizontal, conjoint, multiple conclusion expository passage - >>>a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. illustration - >>>is an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done. argument from example - >>>an argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more examples of it. explanation - >>>an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon explanandum - >>>the component of an explanation that explains the event or phenomenon indicated by the explanandum explanans - >>>the component of an explanation that explains the event or phenomenon indicated by the explanandum. conditional statement - >>>an "if...then" statement; a statement having a horseshoe as its main operator antecedent - >>>the component statement immediately following the "if" consequent - >>>the component of a conditional statement immediately following the word "then"; the component of a conditional statement that is not the antecedent. the component to the right of the horseshoe.