Introduction-to-Statistics-and-Quantitative-Research-Methods.pdf, Summaries of Statistics

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آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰPurpose of Presentation^ •^ To aid in the understanding^ of basic statistics, including^ terminology, common terms,^ and common statistical^ methods.^ •^ To help those interested in^ research feel more comfortable^ with statistics.^ •^ To encourage potential^ researchers to undertake research^ projects to facilitate the^ production of knowledge. @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰStatistics Defined^ •^ Statistics is the science and practice of developing humanknowledge through the use of empirical data expressed inquantitative form. It is based on statistical theory which is abranch of applied mathematics. Within statistical theory,randomness and uncertainty are modelled by probability theory(Wikipedia Encyclopedia). @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰStatistics humour^ •^ Why is a physician held in much higher esteem thana statistician?^ •^ A physician makes an analysis of a complex illnesswhereas a statistician makes you ill with a complexanalysis! @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Research Methods •^ Research is structural. Thereare basic steps depending onthe subject matter andresearcher. •^ It is also possible to conductresearch using pre-collecteddata, this is called secondarydata analysis. There aremany advantages to usingsecondary data, and FraserHealth has a large number ofdata sets available foranalysis.

Draw ConclusionsAnalyze DataCollect DataResearch DesignDevelop Research Question

This step isminimizedwhen usingsecondarydata

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ

دﺳﺘﯿﺎر پژوﻫﺶ

@Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Research begins when there is aquestion. •^ Different kinds of questions:^ Descriptive:^ How many men work^ at Fraser Health?^ How many hours a week^ do employees spend at^ their desks?

Inferential: Does having a sciencedegree help studentslearn statisticalconcepts? What risk factors mostpredict heart disease?

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰTypes of Statistics^ •^ Descriptive Statistics: describe the relationship betweenvariables.^ –^ E.g. Frequencies, means, standard deviation^ •^ Inferential Statistics: make inferences about the population,based on a random sample. @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Levels of Data •^ Nominal= categorical •^ E.g. Apples and pears, gender, eye colour, ethnicity. •^ Data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged inany particular order.^ –^ Nominal=Categorical=Dichotomous •^ Ordinal= data ordered, but distance between intervals notalways equal. E.g. Low, middle and high income, or rating abrand of soft drink on a scale of 1-5. •^ Interval=

equal distance between each interval. E.g. 1,2,3.Arbitrary zero point (ex. Fahrenheit scale for temperature - temperature does not cease to exist at 0 degrees. آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ^ •^ Ratio= similar to interval scale, but has true zero point E.g.Weight, salary ($0=$0). @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Types of Variables •^ Variables can be classified as independent

or dependent.

-^ An independent variable

is the variable that you believe will influence your outcome measure. • A dependent variable

is the variable that is dependent on or

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ influenced by the independent variable(s). A dependent variablemay also be the variable you are trying to predict. @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Example A researcher wants to study the effect of Vitamin C on cancer.^ Vitamin C would be the independent variable

because it is

hypothesized that it will have an affect on cancer, and cancerwould be the dependent variable

because it is the variable that may be influenced by Vitamin C. Independent Variable

Æ^ Direction of Affect

Æ^ Dependent Variable

Vitamin C^

Æ^ Increase or

Æ^ Cancer decrease of certainaffect

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ5 minute group exercise^ 3 Questions:^ For each question:^ •^ What is the dependent variable in this study?^ •^ What is the independent variable?^ •^ What is the level of data? @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Back to stats…..

Statistics made simple…

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ

Descriptive Statistics Defined What is a mean? •^ The sum of all the scoresdivided by the number ofscores. •^ Often referred to as theaverage. •^ Good measure of centraltendency. •^ Central tendency is simplythe location of the middle ina distribution of scores.

Mean

آﻣﻮزش گﺎم ﺑﻪ گﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻰ @Researchassist

ﺑﺎ ﻟﻤﺲ آﯾکﻮن پﯿﺎﻣﺮﺳﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑپﯿﻮﻧﺪﯾﺪ