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Introductionm, Evolution - Information Technology - Lecture Notes, Study notes of Information Technology

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad (CIITA)Information Technology

Internet and Internet Protocol, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, GSM Architecture Overview, Vision of UMTS, Megacells, Base Station Controller, Equipment Identity Register are key learning points of this lecture handout.

Typology: Study notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/10/2012

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3
CHAPTER 1
THE EVOLUTION
Introduction
1. The telecommunications world is changing as the trends of media
convergence, industry consolidation, Internet and Internet Protocol (IP)
technologies and mobile communications collide into one. Third generation is the
generic term used for the next generation of mobile communication systems.
He who can see three days ahead will be rich for three hundred years.
(Japanese Proverb)
2. This proverb perfectly depicts the on going rat race in the field of mobile
communication. Just imagine, fifteen years ago when mobile telephones were an
exotic extravagance. Today, as cellular phones, they are often given away as
freebies in support of marketing schemes and product promotions in many
countries.
3. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a part of the
International Telecommunications Union's (ITU's) 'IMT-2000' vision of a global
family of third-generation mobile communications systems. The technology
concepts for third generation systems and 3GSM services are currently under
development industry wide. The global 3G Partnership Project (3GPP), a
collaboration of organizations which includes the GSM Association, are committed
to bringing us the 3rd Generation mobile systems.
4. The GSM Association's vision of 3GSM is based on today's GSM standard,
but evolved, extended and enhanced to include an additional radio air interface,
better suited for high speed and multimedia data services. This system will
enable users of current second generation GSM wireless networks to migrate
easily to the new third generation services, with minimal disruption. This new
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CHAPTER 1

THE EVOLUTION

Introduction

  1. The telecommunications world is changing as the trends of media convergence, industry consolidation, Internet and Internet Protocol (IP) technologies and mobile communications collide into one. Third generation is the generic term used for the next generation of mobile communication systems.

He who can see three days ahead will be rich for three hundred years.

(Japanese Proverb)

  1. This proverb perfectly depicts the on going rat race in the field of mobile communication. Just imagine, fifteen years ago when mobile telephones were an exotic extravagance. Today, as cellular phones, they are often given away as freebies in support of marketing schemes and product promotions in many countries.
  2. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a part of the International Telecommunications Union's (ITU's) 'IMT-2000' vision of a global family of third-generation mobile communications systems. The technology concepts for third generation systems and 3GSM services are currently under development industry wide. The global 3G Partnership Project (3GPP), a collaboration of organizations which includes the GSM Association, are committed to bringing us the 3rd Generation mobile systems.
  3. The GSM Association's vision of 3GSM is based on today's GSM standard, but evolved, extended and enhanced to include an additional radio air interface, better suited for high speed and multimedia data services. This system will enable users of current second generation GSM wireless networks to migrate easily to the new third generation services, with minimal disruption. This new

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evolved phase of GSM will in addition be an important and integral part of the ITU's IMT-2000 family.

GSM Architecture Overview

  1. The various blocks of GSM architecture have different functions to perform. Their description is as under. The various databases that are present in the system are also explained.

FIG 1.1 GSM Architecture

a. AuC. Authentication Center (data base). Associated with HLR and stores unique authentication key for each subscriber. It also supports ciphering (decryption) of voice or data. b. BSC. Base Station Controller. c. BSS. Base Station Sub-system (collective name for BSC + BTS). d. BTS. Base Transceiver Station. e. EIR. Equipment Identity Register (data base). Associated with HLR and is a database for stolen or defective equipment (mobiles). f. HLR. Home Location Register (data base). The MSC also contains a critical component called the Home Location Register (HLR) which provides the administrative information required to authenticate, register and locate you as a network's subscriber. Once it’s received

RESTRICTED For example, if you are barred for international dialing, a message to that effect will be generated by the VLR, sent along the network, and almost instantly back to your cell phone. In some implementations, HLR and VLR are the same physical data base, with records active in the VLR specially/temporarily marked as required.

ITU’s IMT – 2000 Vision of UMTS

  1. ITU’s vision of UMTS describes the high-level view, or the overall view of IMT-2000. And what we can see is that its a system and an architecture and a set of standards whose goal is to allow roaming through multiple environments, ultimately with the ability to handoff seamlessly from one environment to the other, and basically be able to get services wherever you happen to be.

a. Megacells. UMTS includes even satellite communication. But when service is provided from a satellite, (the antenna, as it were) the base station is on the satellite in the sky. And that is at least several hundred miles up, even in low earth orbit satellite systems and in other systems it may be much higher than that. So the size of the spot beam that's projected on the earth, or the size of the resulting cell, is typically at least 100 miles in radius. And those are called megacells. But because of the difficulty of providing coverage from antennas that are that far away, the requirement was that at least 9.6kbps be supported, but not necessarily higher, in order to qualify for IMT-2000. In a macrocell, we're talking about cell radii of 1.5 miles, typically, but also high mobility, high-speed vehicles.

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FIG 1.2 ITU’s UMTS Vision

b. Macrocell. Now a macrocell is the kind of cell that will typically have a radius of anywhere from a half mile to a mile in radius, to upwards of 5 or 6 miles or more, in some situations it is the kind of cell that's typically covered by a tall tower with antennas at the top in order to get that kind of reach. Its the kind of cell that's used to provide coverage of large areas, like large metropolitan areas, especially in the suburbs and the rural areas. And its the kind of cell that encompasses highways and freeways, where cars may be moving through at very high speeds. According to the ITU requirement, you should be able to support to 144kbps in a macro cell.

c. Microcell. You need large cells so that the cars aren't moving from one cell to another too frequently and requiring handoff too frequently. But increasingly, in order to get better coverage and higher bit rate services, microcells are becoming increasingly important. And they already are in many cases. Microcells are typically designed to cover a few city blocks, if you think in terms of a city, or much smaller areas. They are typically designed to serve,