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IP - Mod 1 - Introduction to C++, Lecture notes of Programming Paradigms

West Visayas State University (WVSU)Programming Paradigms

Basic Elements Of A C++ Program Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Procedural Programming – C C++ Programming and its Basic Components Program Development Lifecycle Programming Languages and its Evolution

Typology: Lecture notes

2020/2021

Available from 04/02/2022

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Intermediate Programming – C++ Chapter 1
1. Programming Languages and its Evolution
➢ Computers - created to solve intricate mathematical problems
- not yet self-aware or cannot program themselves
- need the direction of human beings in order to perform a specified task
➢ Programs – tasks in computer
➢ Algorithms – step by step procedure
- functions on a very strict grammatical rules with no tolerance for ambiguity
- must be in tedious detail so that a given task may be accomplished as desired
Machine Language
➢ Inside a computer all data are represented by the states of tiny electronic switches. These
switches which are basically microscopic transistors has 1’s and 0’s state.
➢ The machine language of one machine differs from the machine language of the other.
Assembly Language
➢ Mnemonics were made in order to make the machine language easy-to-remember.
- Mnemonics - as memory aids are alphabetic abbreviations for machine instruction and
- paved way for assembly languages that made the programmer’s job easier
➢ the computer would not directly understand these mnemonics
➢ Assembler is required to translate these mnemonics to its machine instruction counterpart.
High Level Language
➢ closer to natural languages
➢ compiler is needed to convert a high level language instruction into machine language
2. Program Development Lifecycle
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1. Programming Languages and its Evolution ➢ Computers - created to solve intricate mathematical problems - not yet self-aware or cannot program themselves - need the direction of human beings in order to perform a specified task ➢ Programs – tasks in computer ➢ Algorithms – step by step procedure - functions on a very strict grammatical rules with no tolerance for ambiguity - must be in tedious detail so that a given task may be accomplished as desired Machine Language ➢ Inside a computer all data are represented by the states of tiny electronic switches. These switches which are basically microscopic transistors has 1’s and 0’s state. ➢ The machine language of one machine differs from the machine language of the other. Assembly Language ➢ Mnemonics were made in order to make the machine language easy-to-remember. - Mnemonics - as memory aids are alphabetic abbreviations for machine instruction and - paved way for assembly languages that made the programmer’s job easier ➢ the computer would not directly understand these mnemonics ➢ Assembler is required to translate these mnemonics to its machine instruction counterpart. High Level Language ➢ closer to natural languages ➢ compiler is needed to convert a high level language instruction into machine language 2. Program Development Lifecycle

➢ Systematic approach - necessary in order to achieve the specified objectives; enables the programmer not only to solve the problem but also outline documentation on how the solution came about

  • Problem Solving Process o 1. Analyze the problem - Identify the input requirements, solution requirements, and output requirements. o 2. Design an algorithm based on the requirements. o 3. Convert the algorithm into a C++ code then check and debug the errors. o 4. Modify the program if necessary 3. C++ Programming and its Basic Components ➢ regarded as C programming language with classes together with other modern features ➢ Dennis Ritchie - at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the 1970’s ( C ) ➢ used to create and maintain the UNIX operating system up until now ➢ employed to write a variety of program but its popularity came to prominence since it is closely linked to UNIX operating system ➢ Automatic checks that is available to most high-level language is absent in C. ➢ Bjarne Stroustrup - develop C++ in the 1980’s - designed C++ as a subset of C and made C++ better than C - Lacking features on C such as a facility for classes of object-oriented programming and automatic checks were addressed in C++.
  • Procedural Programming – C ➢ a programming model which is derived from structured programming , based upon the concept of calling procedure. Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines or functions, simply consist of a series of computational steps to be carried out. During a program’s execution, any given procedure might be called at any point, including by other procedures or itself. ➢ Structured Programming - brings clarity, straightforwardness of maintenance and reliability to a small-scale program ➢ top-down approach focuses on breaking down a big problem into smaller and understandable chunks

SOURCE : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/differences-between-procedural-and-object-oriented- programming/

  • Basic Elements Of A C++ Program o C++ comment - //, / / o Preprocessor - provides the source file with the capabilities provided from the included header file (#include ) - provide the features for your program to communicate from the outside world (input) or to the outside world (output) - cin is for input - cout for output. - header files – ex. o Namespace - to simplify coding by combining preexisting code from different vendors - facility would guide the programmer to which vendor s/he mean - ex. , Vendor1:: abc() Vendor2:: abc() o Main() function - entry point of your program ❖ function header – summarizes the function’s interface with entire program (ex. int main ()) ❖ Function body – denote the instructions the must be executed by the computer. (ex. {..} ) ❖ Statement - Each complete instruction ❖ Semicolon - each statement must end 4. Declaring Variables and Primitive Data Types
  • Identifiers - the name that a variable would have ➢ Must begin with either a letter or an underscore and the rest of the characters may be a letter, underscore, or digit. ➢ case sensitive ➢ camel case - mix the upper case with the lowercase by using the uppercase character to indicate a word boundary ➢ Reserved words - predefined names in C++ and the programmer is not allowed to use it as names for variables

➢ Keywords - not part of the core C++ language and are defined in headers

  • C++ datatypes ➢ the way C++ categorizes data according to the operation fit to it ➢ Before a variable would be used, it must be declared first. ➢ When a variable is declared, you are stating to the compiler, eventually the computer to allocate memory for storing the variable. ➢ Major Datatype Categories: o Simple datatype - the building blocks of structured data type o Structured datatype o Pointers Simple Datatype → the building blocks of structured data type o Integral – these are the data types without a decimal place. - so if a number with a decimal place would be assigned to it, only the whole number part would be considered. - for bool datatype - by default or be unsigned o Floating point – are data types that deal with real numbers (i.e. numbers with o decimal places) o Enumeration - are user defined datatypes
  • Assignment operator ➢ equal sign = ➢ left side operand (variable) accept whatever the evaluated value of the right hand operand (expression). Ex: int x = 10; int sum = 5 + x; ➢ not an equality operator - it does not evaluate if the left hand operand is equal with the right hand operand. 5. Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence and Associativity
  • Evaluating Mixed Expression

→ header - to make use of these functions → argument or parameter is the information that is passed to the function and the result will be the return value

6. Programming Form and Style

  • Use of blanks, semicolon, curly braces and commas o Blanks - to separate o Semicolons - used to terminate statements o Curly braces { and } - delimiting brackets ; for enclosing a body of a function o Commas - to separate items in a list
  • Syntax vs Semantics o Syntax - to determine if a statement is legal or illegal. o Semantics - give meaning to statements; there will be no warning message that is provided by the compiler Ex:
  • Naming identifiers and documentation o a named constant will be all in uppercase with an underscore as separator for different words o Self-documenting identifiers
  • Coding formatting for ease of readability o Only one statement per line. o An opening brace and a closing brace must have its own line. o All statements under a brace must be indented