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ISBB: Chapter 10: Information Systems
Development
this creates software and is the process of creating a set of logical instructions for digital device to follow using a programming language; sometimes called coding because the developer takes the design and encodes it into a programming language which then runs on the computer. - correct answer programming True/False - In most instances the creation of software is a resource-intensive process that involves several different groups of people in an organization. In order to do this effectively, the groups agree to follow a specific software development methodology. - correct answer True Name 4 methodologies for software development: - correct answer 1. SDLC - Systems Development Life Cycle
- RAD - Rapid Application Development
- Agile
- Lean this was first developed in the 1960s to manage the large software projects associated with corporate systems running on mainframes; very structured and risk averse; designed to manage large projects that include multiple programmers and systems in large organizations; requires a clear, upfront understanding of what the software is supposed to do and isn't amenable to design changes; similar to an assembly line process where it is clear to stakeholders what the end product should do and major changes are difficult and costly - correct answer SDLC - Systems Development Life Cycle Name the 7 steps or phases to the SDLC methodology: - correct answer 1. Preliminary Analysis
- System Analysis
- System Design
- Programming
- Testing
- Implementation
- Maintenance this is the first step in SDLC where a request for a replacement or new system is first reviewed; includes questions and after addressing questions, a feasibility study is launched; this step is important in determining if the project should be initiated - correct answer preliminary analysis this is within the SDLC process step of preliminary analysis and includes an analysis of the technical feasibility, the economic feasibility or affordability, and the legal feasibility - correct answer feasibility study With the preliminary analysis, if the project should be initiated and the step may be done by someone with a title of _________________________ or ______________________________. - correct answer Requirements Analyst Business Analyst this is the second step or phase of the SDLC and in this phase one or more system analysis work with different stakeholder groups to determine the specific requirements for the new system; no programming is done in this step; procedures are documented, key players/users are interviewed, and data requirements are developed in order to get an overall impression of exactly what the system is supposed to do - correct answer system analysis The result of the system analysis phase is a ________________________________ document and may be done by someone with a title of _______________________________. - correct answer system requirements System Analyst this is the third step or phase of the SDLC process and in this phase, a designer takes the system requirements document created in the previous phase and develops the specific technical details required for the system; the business requirements are translated into specific technical requirements; design for the user interface, database, data inputs and outputs, and reporting are developed here. - correct answer system design
this is the third test that allows those that will be using the software to test the system to ensure that it meets their standards - correct answer user acceptance test With the testing phase, these tasks are done by persons with titles such as ________________________, ____________________________, or _____________________________. - correct answer Tester Testing Analyst Quality Assurance this is the sixth step or phase in the SDLC process and includes training users, providing documentation and data conversion from the previous system to the new system - correct answer implementation True/False - Implementation can take many forms, depending on the type of system, the number and type of users, and how urgent it is that the system become operational. - correct answer True this is the seventh and final phase or step of the SDLC process and takes place once the implementation phase is completed; the system has a s a structured support process in place; reported bugs are fixed and requests for new features are evaluated and implemented. Also, system updates and backups of the software are made for each new version of the program. - correct answer maintenance True/False - Since maintenance is normally an Operating Expense (OPEX) while much of development is a Capital Expense (CAPEX), funds normally come out of different budgets or cost centers. - correct answer True The SDLC methodology is sometimes referred to as the __________________________methodology to represent how each step is a separate part of the process. Only when one step is completed can another step begin. - correct answer waterfall True/False - The SDLC methodology has been criticized for being quite rigid, allowing movement in only one direction, namely, forward in the cycle. - correct answer True
this methodology focuses on quickly building a working model of the software, getting feedback from users, and then using the feedback to update the working model; this methodology is much better suited for smaller projects than SDLC and has the added advantage of giving users the ability to provide feedback throughout the process - correct answer RAD - Rapid Application Development Name the 4 RAD phases: - correct answer 1. Requirements Planning
- User Design
- Construction
- Cutover in this first phase of RAD, this phase is similar to the preliminary analysis, system analysis, and design phases of the SDLC. In this phase the overall requirements for the system are defined, a team is identified, and feasibility is determined. - correct answer requirements planning in this second phase of RAD, representatives of the users work with the system analysts, designers, and programmers to interactively create the design of the system. Sometimes a Joint Application Development (JAD) session is used to facilitate working with all of these various stakeholders. - correct answer user design A ________________________ (JAD) session brings all of the stakeholders for a structured discussion about the design of the system. Application developers also participate and observe, trying to understand the essence of the requirements. - correct answer Joint Application Development in this third phase of RAD, the application developers, working with the users, build the next version of the system through an interactive process. Changes can be made as developers work on the program - correct answer construction The construction step of RAD is executed in parallel with the ______________________ step in an iterative fashion, making modifications until an acceptable version of the product is developed. - correct answer User Design in this fourth phase of RAD, it involves switching from the old system to a new software; timing is crucial and is usually done with there is low activity such as between summer, fall or spring semesters - correct answer cutover
the last methodology is a relatively new concept taken from the business bestseller The Lean Startup by Eric Reis; it focuses on taking an initial idea and developing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP). - correct answer Lean this is a working software application with just enough functionality to demonstrate the idea behind the project; once developed the development team gives it to potential users for review - correct answer Minimum Viable Product (MVP) True/False - Feedback on the MVP is generated in two forms. First, direct observation and discussion with the users and second, usage statistics gathered from the software itself. Using these two forms of feedback, the team determines whether they should continue in the same direction or rethink the core idea behind the project, change the functions, and create a new MVP. This change in strategy is called a pivot. Several iterations of the MVP are developed, with new functions added each time based on the feedback, until a final product is completed. - correct answer True True/False - The biggest difference between the iterative and non-iterative methodologies is that the full set of requirements for the system are not known when the project is launched. - correct answer True The lean methodology works best in an ____________________________ environment where a company is interested in determining if their idea for a program is worth developing. - correct answer entrepreneurial True/False - When developing software or any sort of product or service, there exists a tension between the developers and the different stakeholder groups such as management, users, and investors. - correct answer True this is a simple concept. It states that for any product or service being developed, you can only address two of the following: time, cost, and quality; this tension relates to how quickly the software can be developed (time), how much money will be spent (cost), and how well it will be built (quality). - correct answer quality triangle
True/False - If you are willing and able to spend a lot of money, then a project can be completed quickly with high quality results because you can provide more resources towards its development. - correct answer True True/False - If a project's completion date is not a priority, then it can be completed at a lower cost with higher quality results using a smaller team with fewer resources. - correct answer True Name 2 reasons why low-cost, high-quality projects done quickly are so difficult to achieve: - correct answer 1. human mind is analog and machines running the software are digital
- human beings leave their imprints on the applications or systems they design True/False - y Conway's Law (1968) - "Organizations that design information systems are constrained to do so in a way that mirrors their internal communication processes." Organizations with poor communication processes will find it very difficult to communicate requirements and priorities, especially for projects at the enterprise level (i.e., that affect the whole organization. - correct answer True this is an artificial language that provides a way for a developer to create programming code to communicate logic in a format that can be executed by the computer hardware - correct answer programming language One way to characterize programming languages is by their "______________________________". - correct answer generations How many generations of programming language has there been? - correct answer 4 this generation of languages were called machine code because programming was done in the format the machine/computer could read; so programming was done by directly setting actual ones and zeroes (the bits) in the program using binary code. - correct answer first generation this generation of languages is known as assembly language and uses English-like phrases rather than machine-code instructions, making it easier to program; an
The web languages of HTML and JavaScript are also considered ___________________________ because they require a browser in order to run. - correct answer interpreted this is designed to allow a programmer to define a specific starting point for the program and then execute sequentially. All early programming languages work this way - correct answer procedural programming language this is designed so that the programmer defines "objects" that can take certain actions based on input from the user. - correct answer object-oriented programming language True/False - In other words, a procedural program focuses on the sequence of activities to be performed while an object-oriented program focuses on the different items being manipulated. - correct answer True Name 2 programming tools that can help with efficency: - correct answer Integrated Development Environment (IDE) CASE - computer aided software engineering this programming tool can be used to develop the program; provides a variety of tools for the programmer; examples include Microsoft's Visual Studio and Oracle's Eclipse - correct answer IDE - Integrated Development Environment Name the 5 components of an Integrated Development Environment: - correct answer 1. editor
- help system
- compiler/interpreter
- debugging tool
- check in/check out mechanism this component of an IDE is used for writing the program. Commands are automatically color coded by the IDE to identify command types. For example, a programming comment might appear in green and a programming statement might appear in black. - correct answer editor
this component of an IDE gives detailed documentation regarding the programming language. - correct answer help system this component of an IDE coverts the programmer's source code into machine language so it can be executed/run on the computer. - correct answer compiler/interpreter this component of an IDE assists the developer in locating errors and finding solutions. - correct answer debugging tool the component of an IDE allows teams of programmers to work simultaneously on a program without overwriting another programmer's code. - correct answer check in/ check out mechanism True/False - While an IDE provides several tools to assist the programmer in writing the program, the code still must be written. - correct answer True these tools allow a designer to develop software with little or no programming; instead it writes the code for the designer; goal is to generate quality code based on input created by the designer - correct answer CASE = Computer Aided Software Engineering In the early days of the World Wide Web, the creation of a website required knowing how to use _________________________________ (HTML). Today most websites are built with a variety of tools, but the final product that is transmitted to a browser is still HTML. At its simplest HTML is a text language that allows you to define the different components of a web page. These definitions are handled through the use of HTML tags with text between the tags or brackets. - correct answer Hypertext Markup Language While HTML is used to define the components of a web page, _____________________________(CSS) are used to define the styles of the components on a page. The use of CSS allows the style of a website to be set and stay consistent throughout. - correct answer Cascading Style Sheets
an outside company. This is the "___________________" decision. - correct answer build vs. buy Name the 3 advantages to purchasing software from an outside company: - correct answer 1. less expensive to purchase than build
- when purchased, it is available much more quickly than if the package is built in house as it can be up and running within a few days
- the purchased package has already been tested and many of the bugs have already been worked out Name 2 disadvantages to purchasing software: - correct answer 1. the same software you are using can be used by your competitors
- the process of customization will make managing those customizations every time the vendor provides an upgrade this allows companies to license functions provided by other companies instead of writing the code themselves. Web services can greatly simplify the addition of functionality to a website. - correct answer web services True/False - Web services can blur the lines between "build vs. buy." Companies can choose to build an application themselves but then purchase functionality from vendors to supplement their system. - correct answer True this is when in larger organizations, other departments develop their own department specific applications; the people who build these applications are not necessarily trained in programming or application development, but they tend to be adept with computers. A person who is skilled in a particular program, such as a spreadsheet or database package, may be called upon to build smaller applications for use by their own department. - correct answer end-user development or end- user computing Name end user/development advantages: - correct answer 1.reduces strain on the IT department Name end user/development disadvantages: - correct answer 1. often developed by someone with little or no formal training in programming thus software developed can have problems that then have to be resolved by the IT department
True/False - End-user computing can be beneficial to an organization provided it is managed. The IT department should set guidelines and provide tools for the departments who want to create their own solutions. - correct answer True Once a new system is developed or purchased, the organization must determine the best method for implementation. There are several different methodologies an organization can adopt to implement a new system. Name 4: - correct answer 1. direct cutover
- pilot implementation
- parallel operation
- phased implementation the organization selects a particular date to terminate the use of the old system. On that date users begin using the new system and the old system is unavailable. Direct cutover has the advantage of being very fast and the least expensive implementation method. However, this method has the most risk. If the new system has an operational problem or if the users are not properly prepared, it could prove disastrous for the organization. - correct answer direct cutover In this methodology a subset of the organization known as a pilot group starts using the new system before the rest of the organization. This has a smaller impact on the company and allows the support team to focus on a smaller group of individuals. Also, problems with the new software can be contained within the group and then resolved. - correct answer pilot implementation allow both the old and new systems to be used simultaneously for a limited period of time. This method is the least risky because the old system is still being used while the new system is essentially being tested. However, this is by far the most expensive methodology since work is duplicated and support is needed for both systems in full. - correct answer parallel operation provides for different functions of the new application to be gradually implemented with the corresponding functions being turned off in the old system. This approach is more conservative as it allows an organization to slowly move from one system to another. - correct answer phased implementation
