Download IT D322 Exam Questions & Solutions: Information Technology Fundamentals and more Exams Information Technology in PDF only on Docsity!
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IT D322 Exam Questions with Solution
1. Key Components: Hardware, Software, Data
2. Information Technology: The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible
3. Information System: Takes in raw data entered by a user or acquired from a data source or sources (input),
deliberately transforms the data into information (process), and provides the results of the transformation to the user (output)
4. IT department in an organization: IT is responsible for the storage, processing, and distribution of information.
5. Networks: Organization servers and give employees access to the resources, the data, and the exchange of
networks.
6. Infrastructure: The system of hardware, software, facilities, and service compo- nents that support the delivery of
business systems and IT-enabled processes.
7. Difference between input, output, and storage: *Input: hard disk is inserted into the computer to store information
in the computer *Output: displays information in a pictorial form allowing the user to interact directly with the computer *Storage: Random Access Memory (RAM) holds programs and data when the computer is in use
8. Core of Components of IT Hardware: Hard Disk, Monitor, Motherboard, CPU, RAM
9. Software Development: Implementing various algorithms that transform data into another, which performs
calculations, manipulate files, or complete other repet- itive tasks, can be time-consuming or dangerous to an employee.
10. Business Analysis: *Organizations improve their operations by optimizing their technology
*IT changes rapidly, so organizations must constantly investigate and plan or replace systems.
11. Information Systems Requirements and needs: *Security: Organizations try to aim for secure systems to prevent
2 / 14 incidents that can disrupt business. Unautho- rized access could cause data loss or modifications *Accessibility functions: These functions are designed to help people with disabilities use technology more easily
12. IT department in an organization: Analyzing, specifying, designing, develop- ing, testing, and maintaining
software that is beneficial and effective for the company or client. Oversees the installation and maintenance of computer network systems within a company. Helps an organization to analyze its current IT and identify areas where changes could lead to cost savings.
13. Intranet: A local or restricted communications network, especially a private network created using World
Wide Web software.
14. Business Intelligence:
15. Project Management:
16. Outsourcing Services (OS): The business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services or
create goods that were traditionally performed in-house by the company's own employees and staff.
17. Taxonomies: The discipline studying the classification criteria of a given set of items and a specific classification
system of knowledge organization
18. Software Engineer: A person who is responsible for designing and developing software that makes hardware and
software systems work, including operating systems, database systems, and embedded systems.
19. Network Engineer: A person who is responsible for setup, configure, maintain, and upgrade system where data
resides that support the exchange of information, including communication systems and networks.
20. Cloud Engineer: These individuals design and set up automation, cloud stor- age, data centers, virtual servers, and
web services with an emphasis on a particular solution's cost benefits to users, and security of data processing.
21. IT Professional Roles: Develops, designs, programs, and analyzes applica- tions designed to serve its core
business needs. Provides oversight of the compa- ny's numerous communications channels, including the company's email system, network drives, intranet, and phone system.
4 / 14 define technical standards and design principles, and guide people in implementing those standards and regulations in their day-to-day work.
31. Quality Data: Relevant, timely, thorough, accurate, and reliable
32. IPOS: The Input-Procession-Output-Storage Cycle
33. CPU (Central Processing Unit): Executes programs' instructions and com- mands various components in the
computer. Referred to as the "chip". responsible for processing all information from programs run by your computer. The speed at which the processor processes information is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
34. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator),: The develop- ment of computer systems
largely depended on advancements in technology, such as the invention of the transistor
35. Abacus: A device that stores values represented by the position of the beads on the rods. The human operator
carries out mathematical operations by moving the beads
36. The Leibniz Machine: The gears of the machine are initially mechanically set in a position that represents the
input, and their final state represents the output of the calculations.
37. Desktop Computers: IBM introduced its first desktop computer called the per- sonal computer, or PC, whose
underlying software was developed by a newly formed company known as Microsoft.
38. Generation 1: *The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)was the first real computer designed
for military and military-type applications. *Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language
39. Generation 2: *Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and
drums, called mainframe computers
40. Generation 3: *Silicon chips (known as ICs - integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks
introduced via dumb terminals
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41. Generation 4: Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal com- puter, rudimentary computer
graphics, home use
42. Memory: Stores the programs being executed and the data they are using.
43. DRAM (Dynamic):
44. SRAM:
45. ROM (Read-Only-Memory):
46. RAM: *Stands for Random Access Memory.
*It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. It is volatile (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power). *You can choose the amount of RAM your computer has.
47. Types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Static RAM (SRAM)
48. BOIS ROM (Basic Input Output System): ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip
on the motherboard. Is the software not hardware, ("basic" operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on) Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Cannot choose the amount or contents.
49. Hard Drive: Store data even when the computer is turned off
50. Peripheral devices: Components that are located outside the system unit yet are connected physically or
wirelessly to it
51. Machine Language: The lowest-level programming languages understood by computers, representing
instructions in binary (0s and 1s)
52. Assembly Language: Specified instructions using words
53. High-Level Language: FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and COBOL (Com- mon Business-Oriented Language)
7 / 14 Engineers work with clients and colleagues to understand requirements and perform detailed tech- nical work. Typically work in IT, electronics, or telecommunication companies in roles such as application programmers, software developers, and software architects.
63. Network Engineer: Networks engineers, network designers, and network en- gineers set up configure, maintain,
and upgrade systems where data resides and that support the exchange of information, including communication systems and networks. Network engineers ensure that the security of data and information is appropriate and that companies have processes and procedures in place to enable business operations to continue in the event of a disaster
64. Cloud Engineer: Cloud engineers, cloud security engineers, cloud system en- gineers. Cloud network engineers
use their technical and analytical skills to help companies identify opportunities for migrating a part or all of their infrastructure to the cloud, supporting the more efficient use of resources and improving IT operations
65. Confidentiality: Requires that data be kept secure so that they are not acciden- tally provided to unauthorized
individuals and cannot be obtained by unauthorized users.
66. Strategic risk analysis: Security policies are translated into mechanisms that support information security. We
will focus on the risk management process
67. Phishing: Is the process of targeting a specific individual, usually via email, under the guise of a reputable or
trustworthy entity to reveal private or personal details such as usernames or password
68. Packet sniffing: Means of obtaining a password; in reality, in addition to pass- words, packet sniffing allows you
to obtain anything being sent over the network if the data being transmitted is sent without encryption
69. Complier: Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before
compilation can begin; code is more efficient Kernel: Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.
70. Device Drivers: Provide specific interfaces between the OS running a computer and hardware
71. Shell: An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user
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72. System Utilities: Programs that allow the user to monitor and improve system performance.
73. GUI (Graphical User Interface): Allows a user to control the computer by using the mouse and pointing and
clicking at objects on the screen (icons, menus, buttons, etc.).
74. Web Server: The role of a web server is to respond to HTTP requests
75. Proxy Server: Used in an organization to act as a giant cache of web pages that anyone in the organization has
recently retrieved
76. Database server: Permits database access across a network
77. Proprietary Software: Is purchased from a vendor
78. Shareware: Usually provides you a trial version of the software
79. Freeware: Is usually software that has become obsolete because a newer software has replaced it, or is
software that the original producer (whether an individual or a company) no longer wishes to maintain and provide support for
80. Public Domain software: On the other hand, is software that has been moved into the public domain.
81. Open-Source Software: This software was created in the Open-Source Com- munity and made freely available as
source code
82. Scripting Language: *JavaScript
*ASP
*JSP
*PHP
*Perl *Tcl *Python
10 / 14 industries now use Google Docs and other programs that use SaaS
94. Platform as a Service PaaS: Is to be able to develop and deliver applications quickly and reliably.
95. Infrastructure as a Service IaaS: All the resources (e.g., servers, data storage) an IT department needs are located
outside of the organization and are accessible by anyone, anywhere.
96. Ethics: Code of moral conduct or a set of principles that govern behavior
97. The 10 Commandments of Computer Ethics: 1. Thou shalt not use a computer- er to harm other people.
2.Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work.
3.Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4.Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5.Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6.Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
7.Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.
8.Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9.Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use computers in ways that ensure consideration and respect for fellow humans.
98. Client-server Network: Client-server Network
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers
99. Worm: Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer
networks
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100. Hardware: Motherboards, graphics cards, central processing units (CPUs), and power supply are some
of the most prominent hardware components in a general-purpose computer system.
101. Software: The system software, such as Windows, Mac, or Linux, runs the computer by controlling its
hardware components and peripherals.
102. Quantum Computing: Is the study of a non-classical model of computation. It is said to be more efficient
than modern computing through the use of quantum tunneling. Quantum computers are expected to reduce power consumption from 100 to 1,000 times and will allow computing to surpass any and all limits that traditional computing has set.
103. Graphics Processor Unit: In 3D rendering, the graphics processing unit (GPU) does exactly what its name
suggests and processes huge batches of graphic data. You will find that your computer's graphics card has at least one GPU.
104. Expansion Card/Bus: Computer bus that moves information between the in- ternal hardware of a computer
system (including the CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices. It is a collection of wires and protocols that allows for the expansion of a computer.
105. Motherboard: The main circuit board of a computer
106. System Clock: Controls the speed at which instructions are processed.
107. Ports: Sockets that allow cables to be plugged in without opening the system unit. Some examples are
serial, parallel, and Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, which are recognizable by their distinct shapes.
108. Secondary Storage: Storage that holds data and information permanently. Secondary storage devices store
data and instructions while they are not being used; the saved content remains on the secondary storage unit even when the computer is powered down. There is a variety of secondary storage types, including floppy and hard drives, flash drives, magnetic tape, and optical discs, such as CDs and DVDs.
109. Input Devices: The keyboard is the most common input device. Direct input devices such as pointing
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121. Ring Network: Topologies connect directly to each other as a peer in-shape of a circle
122. Bus Network: Networks are connected in one port
123. Cluster Computing: Use many independent computers to provide computa- tions or services comparable to
those of a larger machine. The cost of several indi- vidual machines can be less than a higher-priced supercomputer, with comparable performance.
124. Grid Computing: Typically includes specialized software to make it easier to distribute the workload and
data among the machines in the grid.
125. Cloud Computing: Provides large pools of shared computers that can be allocated to clients as needed.
Services such as Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud allow clients to rent virtual computers by the hour, no matter where the associated computer hardware is located.
126. World Web Wide (WWW): Composed of a hypertext document format for embedding hyperlinks to other
documents, a protocol for transferring hypertext over the network, and a server process that supplies hypertext pages upon request. Today, the WWW also supports images, audio, and video.
127. Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A location or address identifying where documents can be found on
the Internet, a Web address
128. Malware: Malicious software is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer,
server, client, or computer network.
129. Virus: A software program that infects a computer by inserting itself into pro- grams that already reside in
the machine. When the "host" program is executed, the virus is also executed, possibly performing degradations of portions of the operating system, erasing large amounts of data, or corrupting data and other programs.
130. Worm: An autonomous program that forwards copies of itself other machine in a network and cloud results
in detriment of individual machines or the operations of the network.
131. Spyware: Resides on a computer, collecting information about the computer's activities and reporting back
14 / 14 to the spyware's instigator. Passwords or credit card numbers can be exposed via spyware.
132. Application Software: Specific-purpose software used to perform a specific task.
133. System Software: General-purpose software that is used to operate computer hardware. It provides a
platform to run application software.
