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IT Fundamentals
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ergonomics study of a person's efficiency at the workplace as it relates to his or her health, safety, and productivity.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA
Restriction of Use of Hazardous Substances RoHS
RoHS compliance directive launched in 2006 and enforced by the European Union that aims to restrict certain dangerous substances commonly used in electronic devices.
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE
WEEE a directive launched in 2003 in Europe that serves a very similar purpose as the RoHS. It imposes the responsibility for the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment on the manufacturers of such equipment.
disposal options donating, selling, recycling or shipping to vendors
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CRT monitors have a high concentration of lead, which could be a safety hazard if not disposed of properly.
scanner an input device that contains toxic materials that, if thrown in the trash, may prove an environmental hazard.
batteries Lithium-ion ____used in laptops are also typically free of toxic materials and are safe to throw away normally. Due to a lack of cost-effectiveness, these _____are typically not recycled at this point in time.
Ink/Toner Some, such as carbon black, may be carcinogenic to humans in large quantities. You should avoid throwing these cartridges in the trash.
Hard drives Functioning _____ are good candidates for donation or re-selling, but you should take care to wipe all data on the drive before giving it away.
Environmental hazards temp, humidity, dust, EMI
Electromagnetic interference EMI
ventiliation components Fans, ozone filters, dust filters
Power and Energy Efficiency LCDs, SSDs, green SATA HDDs, NAS devices, Bluetooth V4 are examples of what...
Power Options Feature of Windows OS that can help reduce the amount of power you consume
power strip a device that attaches to a power outlet in order to provide more outlets for you to use. This is convenient for providing power to multiple devices located in the same basic space.
surge protector provides the additional outlets of a power strip with the added benefit of protecting connected devices from surges.
uninterruptible power supply UPS
UPS able to provide power to connected devices in the event of a general power failure without interruption.
complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS
basic input output system BIOS
Failure to boot hardware problem with HDD; missing Boot.ini files; check HDD controller and connections
missing OS when the system tells you that the operating system cannot be found, you have a:
missing DLL on startup, a message is displayed stating that something is missing; it could be an important system file that needs to be replaced using a utility or copying from an OS disc
system files fail to open or are missing ______ should not be deleted or become corrupt during normal system operation, so these errors are rare. They might indicate an underlying hardware problem, a disk error, or the presence of a computer virus.
Device or service fails to start There might be a problem with a missing or corrupted device driver, or there could be hardware resource conflicts (although this is rare on a Plug and Play [PnP] system).
Boots to safe mode There may be a drive problem if the computer continues to boot only into this type of mode.
Display Type Mismatch CMOS error: displayed if the video settings do not match the monitor attached to the system.
Memory Size Mismatch CMOS error: displayed if the amount of RAM detected and the amount specified in CMOS do not match.
Device Manager useful tool used to manage and configure system devices.
Windows Task Manager basic system-diagnostic and performance-monitoring tool.
System Information Utility displays detailed information about the current system configuration, including a general summary of the system components, hardware resource assignments by category, installed hardware devices, the software environment, and Internet Explorer® settings.
Event Viewer view the contents of event logs, which are files that contain information on your computer.
Computer Management console serves as a genuine Swiss army knife of major system administration and information tools.
Disk Management In this tool you can: Display Drives, modify partitions, assign drive letters, and reformat
Check Disk Command chkdsk.exe
chkdsk.exe Verifies the logical integrity of a file system.
/f chkdsk command that repairs the files system data
/r chkdsk command that locates bad sectors and recovers any readable information
Format command format.exe
format.exe Formats partitions to a selected file system. You can run the format command at the command line, Explorer and choose Format.
Optimize Drives dfrgui.exe
dfrgui.exe Arranges stored data on a disk into contiguous blocks (defragmentation). Because individual files are stored on disks in multiple separate blocks, the used and empty storage areas on a disk can become fragmented and scattered.
software management management involves installing and updating operating system features, applications, and drivers, as well as obtaining the appropriate licenses.
software versions changed every time the software is upgraded or newer features have been added to it.
hardware requirements The _______ deal with central processing unit (CPU) specifications, random access memory (RAM) and hard disk space, display adapters, and peripherals.
software update the process of replacing a software application completely with a newer version.
software upgrades upgrades include a version change of an operating system, productivity applications, security utilities, or various other tools.
automatic updates feature of an operating system or a software application that enables updates to be downloaded and installed automatically on a system at a scheduled time or a certain frequency
volume licensing have multiple licensing
license typically entitle the IT admin to a product or activation key, which you use to activate the software on a computer.
registering _______your copy of a software application helps prevent software piracy.
logic bomb A piece of code that sits dormant on a target computer until it is triggered by a specific event, such as a specific date. Once the code is triggered, the ____ ____ detonates, and performs whatever actions it was programed to do. Often, this includes erasing and corrupting data on the target system.
spyware Stealthily installed malicious software that is intended to track and report the usage of a target system, or to collect other data the author wishes to obtain. Data collected can include web browsing history, personal information, banking and other financial information, and user names and passwords.
Adware Software that automatically displays or downloads advertisements when it is used. Although not all ____ is malicious, many ____ programs have been associated with spyware and other types of malicious software. Also, it can reduce user productivity by slowing down systems and simply by creating annoyances.
rootkit Code that is intended to take full or partial control of a system at the lowest levels. _____ often attempt to hide themselves from monitoring or detection, and modify low-level system files when integrating themselves into a system. _____can be used for non-malicious purposes such as virtualization; however, most _____ infections install backdoors, spyware, or other malicious code once they have control of the target system.
spam ____is an email-based threat that presents various advertising materials, promotional content, or get-rich-quick schemes to users. The messages can quickly fill a user's inbox and cause storage issues. ____can also carry malicious code and other types of malware.
ransomware _____is malicious software that prevents you from using your computer. It usually displays a message stating that you must pay a fee or face some other penalty before you can access your files and computer again. Paying the ransom doesn't necessarily mean that you will regain access to your files or computer.
social engineering attack a type of attack that uses deception and trickery to convince unsuspecting users to provide sensitive data or to violate security guidelines.
shoulder surfing This is a human-based attack where the goal is to look over the shoulder of an individual as he or she enters password information or a PIN. _____ can happen in an office environment, a retail environment, at an ATM or at the entryway of a secure physical facility.
spoofing This is a human-based or software-based attack where the goal is to pretend to be someone else for the purpose of identity concealment. ______can occur in Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, network adapter's hardware (Media Access Control [MAC]) addresses, and email. If employed in email, various email message headers are changed to conceal the originator's identity.
impersonation This is a human-based attack where an attacker pretends to be someone he is not. A common scenario is when the attacker calls an employee and pretends to be calling from the help desk.
hoax This is an email-based or web-based attack that is intended to trick the user into performing undesired actions, such as deleting important system files in an attempt to remove a virus. It could also be a scam to convince to give up important information or money for an interesting offer.
phishing email-based; the attacker sends an email that seems to come from a respected bank or other financial institution. The email claims that the recipient needs to provide an account number, Social Security number, or other private information to the sender in order to verify an account.
pharming done by redirecting a request for a website, typically an e-commerce site, to a similar-looking, but fake, website; meant to trick the user into putting in information to the site
vishing This is a human-based attack where the goal is to extract personal, financial, or confidential information from the victim by using services such as the telephone system and IP-based voice messaging services (Voice over Internet Protocol [VoIP]) as the communication medium. This is also called voice phishing.
whaling This is a form of phishing that targets individuals who are known to possess a good deal of wealth. It is also known as spear phishing. _____ targets individuals that work in Fortune 500 companies or financial institutions whose salaries are expected to be high.
spim an Internet messaging (IM)-based attack similar to spam that is propagated through IM instead of through email.
dumpster diving the act of looking through trash to find confidential information which includes hard drives and paper copies of information
password attack is any type of attack in which the attacker attempts to obtain and make use of passwords illegitimately.
guessing simplest type of password attack and involves an individual making repeated attempts to guess a password by entering different common password values, such as the user's name, a spouse's name, or a significant date.
