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Italian and German Unification: A Historical Overview, Summaries of Italian

Italian

An in-depth analysis of the Italian and German unification processes, including key figures, events, and challenges. It covers the time period from before 1848 to the late 19th century, focusing on the role of nationalistic groups, political leaders, and external factors in shaping the political landscape of both Italy and Germany.

Typology: Summaries

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/27/2022

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Italy Before 1848
•After the Congress of Vienna, Austria ruled
the North of Italy
–Spain ruled the South
–The Pope ruled the middle
•Giuseppe Mazzini organizes Young Italy
–Nationalistic group dedicated to Italian
independence
–No one over 40 could join
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Italy Before 1848

• After the Congress of Vienna, Austria ruled

the North of Italy

  • Spain ruled the South
  • The Pope ruled the middle

• Giuseppe Mazzini organizes Young Italy

  • Nationalistic group dedicated to Italian

independence

  • No one over 40 could join

After 1848

Italian Unification

  • Italians wanted to unify under the

kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia

  • Sardinia’s King Victor Emmanuel II

appoints Camillo di Cavour prime

minister

  • Person most responsible for unification
  • Cavour first unifies the North
  • Allies with France to take Italian lands from Austria in 1858
  • France helps a little but fails to get Venetia for Cavour’s Sardinia
  • Cavour next unifies the South
    • In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi leads a group of nationalists in the South of Italy - Called themselves the Red Shirts - Goal was to free Italy of foreign rule
    • Once Garibaldi freed south Italy he gave the lands to Victor Emmanuel II
  • The Kingdom of Italy was formed

in 1861

  • Venetia eventually joined in 1866
  • In 1870, Italians took the Papal states from the church

The Unification of Germany

Prussian King Wilhelm Needs Help

• Wanted to unify Germany but liberal Prussian

parliament kept getting in the way

• Appointed a Junker (conservative, wealthy land

owner) named Otto von Bismarck as his prime

minister

  • Bismarck suspended parliament
    • Told them ‘the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions… but by blood and iron.’

• Used realpolitik to achieve unification of

Germany

  • Using realism, not idealism, in political decisions

The War With Denmark

  • Bismarck knew Prussia needed

lands from Austria in order to

unify Germany

  • Bismarck made an alliance with Austria in 1864 and attacked Denmark
  • Prussia & Austria quickly defeated Denmark and took land from them - Austria took Holstein & Prussia took Schleswig
  • Bismarck knew this would lead Prussia and Austria into a border conflict

The War

With

Austria

• Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts

between Prussia and Austria

  • Upset, Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866

• Prussia quickly won the Seven Weeks War

  • Austria lost all their German lands
  • Prussia took control of the Northern German lands

• Bismarck quickly normalized relations with Austria

The German Empire

• The southern German states unified with Prussia

after the Franco-Prussian War

• The German Empire was proclaimed in the Hall

of Mirrors at Versailles in 1871

  • Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser of The Second Reich

• Germany and Britain were the two most

powerful countries in the world

• France lost Alsace and a part of Lorraine

  • Humiliated, France vowed revenge

Bismarck Becomes Chancellor

• Bismarck’s realpolitiks did not work as well on

domestic affairs

  • Tried to oppress Catholics in the south
    • Pope told German Catholics to refuse to obey them
    • Bismarck eventually repealed anti-Catholic laws
  • Tried to eliminate the Socialists
    • Used an assassination attempt on the Kaiser to ban them in German politics
    • When that didn’t work he marginalized them by incorporating sickness, accident, and old age insurance into Germany

The Decline of Austria

Austria

• Austria Before the Revolution of 1848

  • Metternich’s main concern was containing the

Austrian Empire’s nationalistic uprisings

  • Germans within the Empire wanted an independent Germany
  • Italians within the Empire wanted an independent Italy

• Austria During the Revolution of 1848

  • Hungarian nationalist liberal Louis Kossuth

demanded more autonomy for Hungary

  • Austria gave in to some Hungarian demands
  • Metternich fled to England

• Austria After the Revolution of 1848

  • Austria was greatly weakened by nationalistic

uprisings