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File commands
Here are some commonly used commands for Linux file and directory operations,
classified according to their functionalities:
Navigating and viewing directories :
ls : List directory contents
cd : Change the current working
directory
pwd : Show the full path of the current
working directory
tree : Display directory content in a
tree-like structure
cat : View file content
more or less : View file content one
page at a time
Managing files and directories :
touch : Create new files or update file
access and modification times
mkdir : Create new directories
Viewing file and directory attributes :
ls (with different options): View
detailed information about files and
directories
file : Determine the file type
stat : Display detailed properties of
files and directories
du : Display disk usage of files and
directories
df : Display disk usage of file
systems
Compressing and decompressing
files :
tar : Create archive files or extract
files from archives
gzip : Compress files
cp : Copy files and directories
mv : Move or rename files and
directories
rm : Delete files and directories
ln : Create links or shortcuts
chmod : Modify file and directory
permissions
chown : Change file and directory
owner
chgrp : Change file and directory
group
gunzip : Decompress files
zip : Create ZIP archive files or
extract files from ZIP archives
unzip : Decompress ZIP archive files
Searching for files and directories :
find : Search for files and directories
in a specified directory
grep : Search for specified patterns or
text in files
locate : Quickly find files using a
database (requires updating the
database)
whereis : Show the location of binary
files, source files, and help files
which : Display the full path of a
specified command
These are just some of the commonly used Linux commands for file and directory
operations, categorized based on their functionalities. There are many more commands
and options available for different scenarios and requirements. You can refer to relevant
documentation to learn more about the usage and options of each command.
cheat sheet
to standard output awk '[pattern] {print $0}' [filename] (^) Print all lines matching a pattern in a file diff [file1] [file2] (^) Compare two files and display differences
source [filename] Read and execute the file content in the current shell
[command] | tee [filename] >/dev/null Store the command output in a file and skip the terminal output
cd ~ Change the directory to the user's home directory. cd .. (^) Move one directory level up (parent directory). cd - (^) Switch to the previous working directory. find. -type f -exec du -h {} + | sort -rh | head -n 1 find the largest files in linux
Absolute Path vs Relative Path
Absolute Path
An absolute path is a complete and
unambiguous path that starts from
the root directory (e.g., ).
It specifies the full location of a file or
directory in the file system, starting
from the top-level.
Absolute paths always remain the
same regardless of the current
working directory.
Example :
/home/user/documents/file.txt /var/www/html/index.html /usr/bin/python
Relative Path
A relative path is a path that is
specified relative to the current
working directory.
It does not start with the root
directory and depends on the current
location in the file system.
Relative paths are typically shorter
and are used within the context of a
specific working directory.
Example:
documents/file.txt ../parent_directory/file.txt subdirectory/subfile.txt
Linux file system
Directory Description Example /bin (^) Essential user binaries (commands) /bin/ls , /bin/cp , /bin/mkdir /boot (^) Boot loader files and kernel images /boot/vmlinuz , /boot/initrd.img /dev (^) Device files for hardware devices /dev/sda , /dev/tty , /dev/null
/etc System configuration files and directories /etc/passwd , /etc/hosts , /etc/ssh
/home (^) Home directories for regular users /home/user1 , /home/user
/lib Shared libraries needed by system binaries
/lib/libc.so.6 , /lib64/ld-linux-x86- 64.so.
/media Mount point for removable media devices
/media/usb , /media/cdrom
/mnt Temporary mount point for other file systems /mnt/external , /mnt/iso
/opt Optional application software packages /opt/java , /opt/apache
/proc Virtual file system containing kernel and process information /proc/cpuinfo , /proc/meminfo
/root (^) Home directory for the root user /root/.bashrc , /root/.profile
/run Run-time data for processes (e.g., PID files, sockets) /run/lock , /run/user/
/sbin Essential system binaries (usually for system administration tasks) /sbin/ifconfig , /sbin/reboot
/srv Data for services provided by the system /srv/www , /srv/ftp
/tmp (^) Temporary files /tmp/tempfile , /tmp/socket
/usr
User-related programs and data, including user/binaries, libraries, and documentation
/usr/bin/gcc , /usr/share/man
/var Variable data, such as log files, spool files, and temporary files /var/log/syslog , /var/spool/mail
755 rwx r-x r-x
