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Bio 253 LATEST UPDATED final Exam 195
Questions with Complete Solutions
Organelles are - ANSWER>>> Organs of the Urinary system - ANSWER>>>kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nephron - ANSWER>>> functional unit of the kidney - ANSWER>>>nephron 1 million per kidney! What parts make up the nephron? - ANSWER>>>Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Glomerulus (capillaries that filter the blood plasma) Bowman's capsule (surrounds the glomerulus) Efferent arteriole loop of henle What is the glomerulus made of? - ANSWER>>>capillaries Function of a nephron - ANSWER>>>filter blood and produce urine Two nephron types - ANSWER>>>juxtamedullary and cortical juxtamedullary nephrons - ANSWER>>>-Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
- Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments
- Important in production of concentrated urine
- found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla cortical nephrons - ANSWER>>>-85% of all nephrons
- short nephron loops
- efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT How is urine made in the kidney? - ANSWER>>>1.)Reabsorption - moving substances with tubule into the blood.
2.)filtration - occurs in the glomerulus or renal corpuscle 3.)secretion 4.)filtration driving force for filtration - ANSWER>>>hydrostatic pressure or BP What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - ANSWER>>>filtrate What is filtrate? - ANSWER>>>mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is normal in filtrate.
- similar to blood plasma Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - ANSWER>>>Only water is absorbed in the descending limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water). Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - ANSWER>>>@ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? - ANSWER>>>Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb. tubular secretion - ANSWER>>>-selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- From blood to tubular
- Usually in the distal tubule
- K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted Hormones that regulate kidney function - ANSWER>>>directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH indirectly : Renin (created by kidney) Angiotensin Aldosterone function - ANSWER>>>-decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood Aldosterone: Target Cells - ANSWER>>>kidneys ANH function - ANSWER>>>Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H20 and Na+ Effects of ADH - ANSWER>>>increases reabsorption of water from urine back into plasma and therefore, decreases the volume of water that is excreted
distal convoluted tubule function - ANSWER>>>secretion Urine normal range - ANSWER>>>book says 6 : (4.5-8) Substances that should not be found in filtrate - ANSWER>>>Protein, blood substances that should not be found in urine - ANSWER>>>blood, protein, glucose Aldosterone - ANSWER>>>Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
- adrenal cortex nephron in the cortex - ANSWER>>>What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? Where in the kidney is it located? glomerulus - ANSWER>>>A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. largest fluid distribution in the body - ANSWER>>>intracellular or interstitial (66%) Other name for intracellular - ANSWER>>>cytoplasm Subcompartments of ECF - ANSWER>>>-plasma in the blood
- CSF
- mucous
- serous fluid
- interstitial fluid Extracellular electrolytes - ANSWER>>>sodium (cation) chloride (anion) bicarbonate Intracellular electrolytes - ANSWER>>>potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate cause of pH disturbance - ANSWER>>>vomiting, diarrhea, changes in breathing, ingestion of poisons, diseases Increased CO2 causes what? - ANSWER>>>Increased rate of breathing, cannot hold breath for long because of increased CO2 back up How does the body compensate for increased co2? - ANSWER>>> blood vessels associated with a nephron? - ANSWER>>>afferent arterioles efferent arterioles glomerulus
vasorectus posterior to the brain stem - ANSWER>>>diancephalon Parts of the brain - ANSWER>>>cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon The parts of the brain stem are - ANSWER>>>pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata brain stem function - ANSWER>>>1. control heartbeat (cardiac center) 2.breathing (RR) 3.blood pressure (vasomotor center) medulla oblongata function - ANSWER>>>regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate) midbrain function - ANSWER>>>relay center for visual/auditory impulses/motor control Pons function - ANSWER>>>Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. (4) Cerebellum function - ANSWER>>>process and store information, coordinates voluntary movements (posture, balance, speech) diencephalon function - ANSWER>>>memory processing and emotional response parts of diencephalon - ANSWER>>>thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus function - ANSWER>>>sensory relay station hypothalamus function - ANSWER>>>water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex. cerebrum function - ANSWER>>>thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory longitudinal fissure - ANSWER>>>separates the two hemispheres corpus collosum function - ANSWER>>>Connect right and left hemispheres to allow communication (white matter) Lobes of the brain - ANSWER>>>frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal temporal function - ANSWER>>>hearing/auditory occipital function - ANSWER>>>Visual- colors, shapes, light
Meninges layers - ANSWER>>>1. dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater CSF is found in what space - ANSWER>>>subarachnoid space glial cell functions - ANSWER>>>-To surround neurons and hold them in place
- To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
- To insulate one neuron from another
- To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. Chemoreceptors respond to - ANSWER>>>Chemical interaction (smell and taste) Nociceptors respond to - ANSWER>>>pain Mechanoreceptors respond to - ANSWER>>>touch, pressure, gravity, stretch, movement path of blood flow to the heart - ANSWER>>>Superior and Inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve and through the aorta Valves of the heart - ANSWER>>>tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid or mitral valve, aortic semilunar valve When does the tricuspid valve close? - ANSWER>>>When the right ventricle contracts When does the tricuspid valve open? - ANSWER>>>diastole when does the pulmonary semilunar valve open? - ANSWER>>> when does the pulmonary semilunar valve close? - ANSWER>>> When does the bicuspid valve close? - ANSWER>>>When the left ventricle contracts When does the mitral valve open? - ANSWER>>>When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure When do the semilunar valves open? - ANSWER>>>when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries When do the semilunar valves close? - ANSWER>>>-When the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
- when ventricles contract pulmonary gas circuit - ANSWER>>>carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart systemic circuit - ANSWER>>>carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body pulmonary gas exchange - ANSWER>>>movement of gases between lungs and blood
systemic gas exchange - ANSWER>>>movement of respiratory gases between blood in systemic capillaries and systemic cells Conduction system of the heart - ANSWER>>>SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers EKG waves - ANSWER>>>P: atrial activity PR: AV node QRS: ventricular activity T: repolarization of the ventricles U: may or may not be present EKG Waves/Intervals - ANSWER>>>PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 Secs. QRS Interval: 0.12 Secs. how to measure cardiac output - ANSWER>>>heart rate x stroke volume what can effect stroke volume? - ANSWER>>> what cell makes mucous? - ANSWER>>>goblet cell Blood supply to the heart - ANSWER>>>-Left Coronary Artery supplies blood to left heart wall
- Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to right heart wall coronary artery function - ANSWER>>>Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart from the blood blood vessels - ANSWER>>>arteries, veins, capillaries highest pressure - ANSWER>>>the arteries lowest pressure - ANSWER>>>Large veins Layers of vessel walls - ANSWER>>>1. tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa tunica intima (interna) - ANSWER>>>- endothelium and basement membrane always present
- internal elastic lamina may be present tunica media - ANSWER>>>middle layer of artery; made up of smooth muscle fibers tunica externa - ANSWER>>>outer layer of a blood vessel which connects it to surrounding tissues - connective tissue
cardiac muscle - ANSWER>>>Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. anatomical positions - ANSWER>>>supine, prone Planes of the body - ANSWER>>>sagittal, frontal, transverse sagittal plane - ANSWER>>>divides body into left and right frontal plane - ANSWER>>>Divides the body into front and back portions. Transverse - ANSWER>>>Divides body into upper and lower parts biological molecules - ANSWER>>>carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Organelles include: - ANSWER>>>nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, gogli bodies, lysosomes Nucleus function - ANSWER>>>The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material Mitochondria function - ANSWER>>>ATP production/powerhouse of cell Ribosomes function - ANSWER>>>site of protein synthesis Smooth ER function - ANSWER>>>lipid synthesis Rough ER function - ANSWER>>>modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins Golgi bodies function - ANSWER>>>-process and packages proteins and lipids
- more materials within the cell and out of the cell in the small sac called "vesicle" Lysosomes function - ANSWER>>>Digestion and recycling Nucleolus - ANSWER>>>Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes Homeostasis definition - ANSWER>>>The maintenance of a constant internal environment positive feedback loop - ANSWER>>>Causes a system to change further in the same direction. negative feedback loop - ANSWER>>>A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving Cellular Transport Mechanisms - ANSWER>>>-Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Filtration
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis active transport - ANSWER>>>Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Filtration - ANSWER>>>A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles. Diffusion - ANSWER>>>Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis - ANSWER>>>diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane facilitated diffusion (passive transport) - ANSWER>>>movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins without energy from ATP hydrolysis Phagocytosis - ANSWER>>>A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells Pincocytosis - ANSWER>>>the cell takes in small droplets of extracellular fluid within small vesicles Cell membrane is made of - ANSWER>>>lipids, phosplipids, protein, cholesterol. Endocytosis - ANSWER>>>process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane ion pumps and ion channels - ANSWER>>>What establishes a resting potential of a neuron? white blood cells (leukocytes) - ANSWER>>>respond to injury or infection/fight infection Layers of the heart wall - ANSWER>>>1. Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium epicardium- function and definition (VISCERAL LAYER) - ANSWER>>>protects the heart by reducing friction. Composed of a serous membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium, and it includes capillaries and nerve fibers Endocardium function - ANSWER>>>serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves/prevents clotting in the heart myocardium function - ANSWER>>>provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers Arteries conduct blood ___ from the heart - ANSWER>>>away Veins - conduct blood _____ the heart _________________ - ANSWER>>>towards Capillaries conducts blood through? - ANSWER>>>The tissues and allows exchange of materials.
