Download Anatomy Exam 1 Study Set: Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Terminology and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
KU BIOL 240 EXAM 1 STUDY SET
Anatomical Position - ANSWER 1) body erect
- feet parallel
- eyes forward
- arms at side
- palms forward Body Planes - ANSWER Coronal = frontal Transverse = top & bottom Sagittal = left & right Parasagittal Proximal - ANSWER Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal - ANSWER farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Medial - ANSWER Toward the midline of the body Lateral - ANSWER Away from the midline of the body Ipsilateral - ANSWER on the same side of the body Contralateral - ANSWER on the opposite side of the body Superior - ANSWER Higher on the body, nearer to the head Inferior - ANSWER Lower on the body, farther from the head Posterior - ANSWER toward the back Anterior - ANSWER front of the body
Axial Skeleton - ANSWER Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column Appendicular Skeleton - ANSWER Bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities Axial Region - ANSWER includes the head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Region - ANSWER upper and lower limbs Articulations (Joints) - ANSWER point where two bones meet Origin - ANSWER attaches to stationary bone usually proximal Insertion - ANSWER attaches to movable bone usually distal Flexion - ANSWER Decreases the angle of a joint Extension - ANSWER Increases the angle of a joint Abduction - ANSWER Movement away from the midline of the body Adduction - ANSWER Movement toward the midline of the body Pronation - ANSWER movement that turns the palm down Supination - ANSWER movement that turns the palm up Inversion - ANSWER Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion - ANSWER Turning the sole of the foot outward Plantar flexion - ANSWER bends the foot downward at the ankle Dorsiflexion - ANSWER bending of the foot or the toes upward anterior side - ANSWER A muscle that crosses on the _____ of a joint produces flexion.
Histology - ANSWER study of tissues and relationships within the organs hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size atrophy - ANSWER decrease in cell size hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells metaplasia - ANSWER change in form or cell type RARE (occurs in smokers... ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea becomes stratified squamous epithelium) Cells (living) Matrix (non living intercellular substance) - ANSWER tissues are composed of Epithelial Tissue Muscular Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue - ANSWER 4 types of animal tissue skeletal, cardiac, smooth - ANSWER types of muscle tissue nervous tissue - ANSWER tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals Dendrite - ANSWER the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body cell body of neuron - ANSWER contains nucleus and organelles Axon - ANSWER the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands communication - ANSWER function of nervous tissue Skeletal tissue - ANSWER Striated, mostly voluntary (respiratory is involuntary), multinucleate (more than one nucleus) so lots of DNA to code for protein synthesis, tendon attaches muscle to bone
smooth muscle tissue - ANSWER Involuntary muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract. Also found in arteries and veins. propels food. cardiac muscle tissue - ANSWER specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated and involuntary, single central nucleus, involuntary Epithelial Tissue - ANSWER avascular(no blood vessels) innervated mostly of cells (small matrix) epithelial tissue functions - ANSWER protection, produce secretions, absorption, diffusion, sensory reception Cilia & Microvilli - ANSWER increase surface area and act to move things along Cell layer 1 - ANSWER simple squamous (1 layer of flat cells) simple cuboidal simple columnar (ciliated, nonciliated) pseudostratified (ciliated, nonciliated) Transitional Cell layers 2 - ANSWER MORE THAN ONE LAYER IS ALWAYS FOR PROTECTION stratified squamous (keratinized, nonkeratinized) stratified cuboidal (more than 1 layer of cube shaped cells) stratified columnar Endothelium - ANSWER simple squamous epithelium *lines lumen of blood and lymphatic vessels *heart and chambers Mesothelium - ANSWER serous membrane (abdomino-pelvic cavity)
Irregular Connective Tissue - ANSWER White collagen fibers in different planes •Makes up fibrous capsules that surround organs •Skin dermis •Perichondrium/periosteum papillary layer of dermis - ANSWER Papillary layer: Fingerprints (dermal papillae & epidermal ridges) Reticular layer of dermis - ANSWER Reticular layer: Collagen & elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles: which direction for best healing - ANSWER incision parallel to cleavage. Dense connective tissue (collagenous) - ANSWER Hypodermis - ANSWER loose connective tissue - areolar and adipose sebaceous glands - ANSWER secrete oil into hair follicle, except palms and soles nails made of - ANSWER dead keratinized cells hair made of - ANSWER dead keratinized cells Arrector pili muscle - ANSWER Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear (smooth muscle) Sweat glands - ANSWER merocrine and apocrine Merocrine - ANSWER exocytosis holocrine - ANSWER p apocrine - ANSWER entire cell excreted- puberty
Histology: - ANSWER study of tissues cell shape- simple - ANSWER squamous, cuboidal, columnar(ciliated and nonciliated) cell shape- stratified - ANSWER squamous (keratinized, nonkeratinized, cuboidal, columnar Cell Shape-transitional and psuedotransitional - ANSWER psuedotransitional- ciliated and nonciliated squamous - ANSWER protection Cubodial and columnar - ANSWER Secretion/absorption- protection. simple squamous epithelium - ANSWER lines lumen of blood and lymphatic muscles Simple columnar epithelium - ANSWER goblet cells Glands - ANSWER classified as unicellular or multicellular and exocrine/endocrine connective tissue - ANSWER most diverse, tendons, ligaments, fats, cartilage, bone, blood. connective tisues consists of - ANSWER fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, Collagen, elastic, reticular, Connective tissue - ANSWER highly vascular,
