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Cerebral Cortese
Introduction :
- (^) Cerebral cortex is (^) also called pallidum
and consists
of two hemispheres . ° Surface area =^ 2. sqm . ° (^) Both (^) cerebral hemispheres are separated (^) by a (^) deep vertical^ fissure . ° Corpus callosum^ is^ the^ broad^ band^ of commissary^ fibres , connecting two hemispheres.
- Surface has sulcus (^) ( depression )^ & gyrus
ridge ) Histology
- Layers (^) of Cerebral^ Cortex^ : - Tx consists of (^) gray matter that
surrounds the
deeper white matter^.
layers
: ( is^ Molecular^ or Plexiform layer
Iiis External
granular layer ciii, Outer^ Pyramidal layer
civi Internal^
granular layer H Ganglionic layer^ or Internal (^) Pyramidal (^) Layer.
His Fusiform Cell^ layer
Parts of
cerebral Cortese : -
- (^) Divided into (^) two parts based (^) on phylogeny : ca )^ Neocortex^ / Isour^ ten^ / Neo^ pallium = Phylogenetically new structure
- This part forms^ the major portion^ of
Cerebral cortex -
- (^) The part with^ all^6 layers in^ neocortex^. (b, All our^ ten^ - phylogenetically oldest.
which form
- It has (^) less than 6 layers -
- Two Parts - cis Archi cont (^) en dit^ Paleo^ cortex (
limbic System ).
Lobes of
cerebral Cortese
of
each cerebral
hemisphere
consists of (^) four lobes - ( 11 Frontal (2) Parietal ③ (^) Occipital 41
Temporal
¥ lnlith (^4) main fissures & sulci : (a) (^) Cents or (^) Rolan chic^ fissure : Between (^) frontal & (^) Parietal ( b^ ,^ Pariepcus °. Btw (^) Parietal (^) & Occipital lobe. (c) (^) Sylvian (^) fissure or lateral
- Sulcus (^) : btw^ Parietal (^) & Temporal
(di^ Coello so
marginal fissure^ :
- btw temporal & limbic (^) area. Frontal lobe^ of Cerebral (^) Cortese : T Two ''
parts
: (^) ca ) Pre^ central Cortese (^) ( Posterior)
( bi^ Prefrontal Cortex^ ( Anterior)
1-
Primary
Motor Area
(a) Pre^ central^ Cortese^ ( posterior) -^ Premotor^ Area
Three functional area T
-^ - v
l-
supplementary
Motor
posterior part Area^
. of frontal
lobe.
lip of^
central sulcus
, whole
of pre
central
gyrus and posterior portions (^) of superior ,^ middle (^) & inferior (^) frontal gyri^ .
. This^ part of
cerebral cortex^ is^ also^ called^ Excito^ motor cortex^.
PRIMARYMOTORAR.tt#
- Extends throughout the pre
central
gyrus
and
adjoining lip^ of
Central Sulcus^.
- Area 4 a (^) 4s are (^) present here^.
SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR (^) AREA
° It in situated in Medial
surface (^) of frontal^
lobe rostral to
primary motor (^) area.
of
this (^) area is not^ understood^ clearly .
- It is concerned (^) with Coordinated (^) skilled movements. ( b (^) , Prefrontal
Cortese /
Orbitofrontal Cortese (^) : ° Prefrontal cortex in the anterior part of frontal^ lobe of cerebral cortex^. in front (^) of areas^ 8 &^44.
- (^) Areas present in prefrontal
cortex are 9 , to . I , 12 , 13
, 14 ,^23 ,^ 24, -1 (^) 1- and (^32). , Lateral (^) medial surface. Surface ° (^) Functions :
Earlier (^) this (^) area was considered (^) as inexcitable^ to (^) electrical stimulation^.
- (^) Hence (^) called silent (^) Area or Association Area^ . cis 9T^ forms the^ center for (^) higher functions^ like emotion^.^ learning.
memory
& (^) social behavior (^).
- short - (^) term (^) memories are registered here (^). ciii gt^ in^ center^ for planned actions (^). ciiis This^ area^ in^ the^ seat^ of intelligence ,^ so (^) , it is^ also called Organ of mind. ein Gt^ is^ responsible for (^) personality of
individuals.
I "^ As it has connections with
hypothalamus
& (^) brainstem (^) , it in resp on
for various^ autonomic^ changes (^) during
emotional conditions.
* Lesion^ will^ cause lack^
of initiation^
& (^) loss of
mental alertness .
Applied (^) Physiology [^ Frontal Lobe Syndrome ] Parietal (^) Lobe :
° (^) It in divided (^) into three functional Htt Somes^ the^ tic^ Ana z areas : LB )^ som^ esthetic^ Area I
( c^ ,^ Somes^ the^
tic (^) Association area.
- (^) In addition (^) to these , a^ part (^) of
sensory
motor (^) area is also
situated in Parietal lobe.
Temporal Lobe ° Temporal lobe of cerebral cortex includes (^) three functional areas: ( As Primary (^) Auditory Area^ . (^113) , secondary (^) Auditory Area^ /^ Audi to psychic area. (c) Area (^) g Equilibrium. PrimaryORY (^) AREA o (^) gt includes - cat (^) Ana 41
(b) Area 42
( Cl^ Wernicke Area
Functions : Concerned (^) with perception (^) of (^) auditory impulses^ ,^ analysis^ of (^) pitch and determination of intensity & (^) source y sound. ( bi^ Ana^41 &^42 are^ concerned^ with^ Perception
of
sound (^). lol later^ niche area is responsible (^) for interpretation^ of sound. SECONDARY (^) AUDITORY AREA
o (^) Gt is also called (^) Audi to psychic area^ /^ Auditory
Association Area
o (^) g t includes (^) area 22. o (^) functions :
la, concerned^ with^ interpretation (^) of Auditory sensation along with (^) Herridge area. do , (^) gt is also concerned (^) with storage y memories of spoken words. AREA OF^ EQUI^ UBRIUM
° Concerned with maintenance og (^) equilibrium of^ body . o (^) stimulation og this (^) area (^) causes dizziness , swaying , (^) falling & feeling of^ rotation (^).
Applied (^) Physiology Occipital Lobe ° (^) It (^) is also called Visual (^) Cortex.
- (^) It has (^3) functional (^) Areas : ( as Primary Visual (^) Area ( area (^17) ) ( bi^ Secondary visual area^ / Hisao^ psychic area^ ( area^18 ) (c) Occipital eye field (area^ is (^) ) Functions : l 's Primary
Visual area ( area 171
Perception of Visual (^) sensation (^). ( 21 Secondary Visual (^) area (^) ( area (^18) ) Interpretation og Visual (^) Sensation.
and
storage (^) of memories of visual^ symbols . (3) Occipital eye field^ ( area Is) Reflex
movement
og eyeballs^ . Also concerned with associated movements^ og eyeballs while following a moving object^ . Applied
or lower^
part g^ visual cortex^ results (^) in
hemianopsia (^ blindness^ over^ half^ field^ og vision)^.
