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How to use lagrange multipliers to find the minimum potential energy of a hanging chain with given constraints. The equations for the lagrange multiplier and the integrating factor, as well as the boundary conditions for the problem.
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Hanging Chain – Lagrange Multipliers 10-4-
General:
Take Function f(q 1 , …, qn) with constraint g(q 1 , …, qn) = 0
qn = h((q 1 , …, qn-1)
Differentiating:
k n q k
h
q
f
dq
f and k = 1, …., n-
k n q k
h
q
g
dq
g because g(….) = 0
k k q n
g
q
g
dq
h
and then plug back in to to get:
1
= ∂
−
k n n q k
g
q
g
q
f
dq
f
λ
where λ is the Lagrange Multiplier
now
k k n n q k
h
dq
g
dq
f
dq
g
dq
f λ λ qk
h
∂
can not always be zero
k dq k
g
dq
f λ and = 0
n dq n
g
dq
f λ
only need = 0
k dq k
g
dq
f λ and g(q 1 , …, qn) = 0
if more than one constraint
gs(q 1 , …, qn), s =1,…., m
then
m
s
dq
g
dq
f
k k
λ
Hanging Chain Problem:
Trying to minimize the potential energy V
ds
l
dx
2 2 ds = ( dx ) +( dz ) and
dm = μ ds where μ is the mass per unit length
dV = dmgz
dx dx
dz V g zx
L
0
2 μ (^) ( ) 1 and
L L l dsx dx z 0
2
0
δ ( V − μgλl )= 0 use of μg in the Lagrange multiplier allows it to be factored out in the
next step
g z z dx
L
0
2 μ ( λ ) 1 ' substitution u = z – λ
u’ = z’
u u dx
L
0
2 δ 1 '
2
u
uu
x
u integrating factor
2 2
u
uu
x u
uu uu
u
uu
x
u x
² (^1) = α
u
u u ←because this must be a positive number
u u
α
u u
u = α cosh( θ )→ u ' = α sinh( θ ) θ '→ u '² = α ²sinh²( θ ) θ '²=sinh²( θ )− 1