Lagrange Multipliers for Hanging Chain Problem, Study notes of Mechanics

How to use lagrange multipliers to find the minimum potential energy of a hanging chain with given constraints. The equations for the lagrange multiplier and the integrating factor, as well as the boundary conditions for the problem.

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Pre 2010

Uploaded on 07/29/2009

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PHYS 321 Lecture 16
Hanging Chain Lagrange Multipliers 10-4-02
General:
Take Function f(q1, …, qn) with constraint g(q1, …, qn) = 0
qn = h((q1, …, qn-1)
Differentiating:
0=
+
knkq
h
q
f
dq
f and k = 1, …., n-1
0=
+
knkq
h
q
g
dq
g because g(….) = 0
=
nkk q
g
q
g
dq
h1
and then plug back in to to get:
0
1=
knnkq
g
q
g
q
f
dq
f
43421λ
where λ is the Lagrange Multiplier
now
0
=
+
knnkk q
h
dq
g
dq
f
dq
g
dq
fλλ kq
h
can not always be zero
0=
kk dq
g
dq
fλ and 0=
nn dq
g
dq
fλ
only need 0=
kk dq
g
dq
fλ and g(q1, …, qn) = 0
if more than one constraint
gs(q1, …, qn), s =1,…., m
then
0
1
=
=
m
s
dq
g
dq
f
kk λ
pf3

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PHYS 321 Lecture 16

Hanging Chain – Lagrange Multipliers 10-4-

General:

Take Function f(q 1 , …, qn) with constraint g(q 1 , …, qn) = 0

qn = h((q 1 , …, qn-1)

Differentiating:

k n q k

h

q

f

dq

f and k = 1, …., n-

k n q k

h

q

g

dq

g because g(….) = 0

k k q n

g

q

g

dq

h

and then plug back in to to get:

1

= ∂

k n n q k

g

q

g

q

f

dq

f

λ

where λ is the Lagrange Multiplier

now

k k n n q k

h

dq

g

dq

f

dq

g

dq

f λ λ qk

h

can not always be zero

k dq k

g

dq

f λ and = 0

n dq n

g

dq

f λ

only need = 0

k dq k

g

dq

f λ and g(q 1 , …, qn) = 0

if more than one constraint

gs(q 1 , …, qn), s =1,…., m

then

m

s

dq

g

dq

f

k k

λ

Hanging Chain Problem:

Trying to minimize the potential energy V

ds

l

dx

L

2 2 ds = ( dx ) +( dz ) and

dm = μ ds where μ is the mass per unit length

dV = dmgz

dx dx

dz V g zx

L

0

2 μ (^) ( ) 1 and

L L l dsx dx z 0

2

0

δ ( Vμgλl )= 0 use of μg in the Lagrange multiplier allows it to be factored out in the

next step

g z z dx

L

0

2 μ ( λ ) 1 ' substitution u = z – λ

u’ = z’

u u dx

L

0

2 δ 1 '

2

2

u

uu

x

u integrating factor

2 2

u

uu

x u

uu uu

u

uu

x

u x

² (^1) = α

u

u u ←because this must be a positive number

u u

α

α

u u

u = α cosh( θ )→ u ' = α sinh( θ ) θ '→ u '² = α ²sinh²( θ ) θ '²=sinh²( θ )− 1