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A pizza parlor is offering five different kinds of pizza toppings: extra cheese, olives, sausages, green peppers, and mushrooms. Customers can order from
1 to 5 toppings on their pizza. How many different kinds of pizza does this restaurant offer?
The Pizza Problem
!!!! what kind of representations?what order of combinations?what strategy for generating combinations?what level of reasoning?
!! sense of certainty?correct answer?
The Pizza Problem
!! Empirical strategy an orderly pattern, or the pattern changes. The subject cannot be he/she has all the pizzas; he/she simply stops when he/she can't think of any more. The endpoint lacks certainty or a sense of necessity. This is a concrete operational Juxtaposition strategy pattern but isn't sure how to do it. The pattern is something like "doing the: The subject comes up with a listing of pizzas without strategy, not a: The subject tries to come up with an orderly formal operational strategy. sure when ! ends and then the middle". He/she is searching for a system that works,^ showing awareness that there^ between concrete and formal operations. Intersection strategy two or three-topping pizzas in order and feels certain when he/she has found all of them without having to check for duplicates or missing pizzas. This is a formal operational strategy.: The subject systematically generates all possible^ is^ a system. This is a^ transitional^ strategy,
Strategies:
!!! Include the subject’s work [-1 if missing]Document their approach to solving the problem (representation? order? correct? certain?) [-4 if missing]Analyze the strategy used [-2 if missing]
!! Infer the subject’s level of reasoning [-1 if missing]A detailed description of the method is unnecessary
Scoring criteria:
The Start of Adolescence Week 13
Overview of Chapter 16! (^) Research on Adolescent Thought !! (^) Thinking about the Moral IssuesIntegration of the Self ! (^) Self and Society !!!! (^) A New Quality of MindResearch on Adolescent ThoughtPubertyWhat is Adolescence? ! (^) Thinking About Moral Issues
Overview of This Week
New Quality of Mind! (^) Ability to think systematically, logically, and hypothetically
!! Literature, art, and religion take on new meaningsFascination with abstract ideas
Piaget’s “combination-of- variables” problem (p. 624)
Formal Operational Thought! (^) Another version of the task to test combinatorial logic is the problem set of four sandwich ingredients (bread,. The researcher gives the children a sandwich
! meat, cheese, and lettuce) and asks them^ how many different kinds of sandwiches they^ could make with those ingredients.A young teenager attempts—but fails—the sandwich problem, a test of the combinatorial
logic aspect of formal operational thought.
Formal Operational Thought! (^) An older teenager attacks the sandwich problem, using diagrams and lists to ensure that she is covering all possible combinations
of ingredients.
A combination-of-variables task involving an everyday situation
Reasoning by Logical Necessity! Underlies deductive reasoning mortal, Fred is a man, so Fred is mortal) (e.g., Men are…
!! Begins to appear around 6 There is a great deal of variation in when and under what circumstancesth grade (ages 11-12)…
it is displayed
A deductive reasoning problem
Criticisms of Piaget! (^) Formal operational thought develops more slowly than Piaget claimed, with some teens not showing formal thought until late
! adolescence.Adolescents and adults in agricultural societies do not seem to show formal thought, so it may require education in science and math.
! Even adolescents who can demonstrate formal thought on science problems may not be able to apply those reasoning tools to
Adolescent Egocentrism!! (^) An adolescent’s belief that their own psychological experiences are unique.Also makes some teens believe that they are
immune to common dangers that apply to ordinary mortals, leading them to engage in risky behaviors such as drinking and driving, or unprotected sex.
!! Formal operational thinking cannot be achieved by the individual aloneThe adolescent must
participate in particular kinds of social institution if they are to become capable of this kind of systematic theoretical
reasoning
What Piaget ignored:
One-page paper:!! (^) This table shows the characteristics of the classic high school cliquesDescribe the social organization of your high school
Brain Development^ Growth Spurt Puberty Sexual Development Timing of Puberty Puberty! (^) The series of biological developments that transforms individuals from a state of physical immaturity into one in which they are biologically capable of sexual reproduction
!^ Puberty (^) Cascade of biochemical events begins around the end of the that
!^ first decade of life Alters body size, shape, and functioning
Growth Spurt! (^) Homo sapiens growth spurt indicator of the onset of puberty (^) following childhood – a keyis only primate to experience a
Timing of Puberty! Wide individual variations, although girls on the average begin somewhat earlier! Adolescent females who
! experience high levels of family^ stress go through menarche^ earlier, while those who participate^ in high levels of physical exercise reach it laterAge of menarche has been declining in most industrialized countries since 1840s…
! Fifty years ago, maximum height for USA male reached at age 26; now at age 18
Sequence of Events at PubertyFemales Males
Puberty lasts approximately 4 years Age of menarche has been declining in both developing and industrialized countries during the past 150 years
What is Adolescence?
Length of Time Between Puberty, Sexual Activity, and Marriage
Adolescence is...! (^) the gap, defined by culture, between the time when an individual achieves the biological capacity for reproduction and the time when they are judged to have the social capacity for reproduction
Adolescence!! (^) From LatinGap that separates the onset of sexual maturity from the social changes that confer adult status (e.g., right to marry adelesco – “to grow up”
! without parental consent, or to run for^ elective office)^ !A time in which!^ Lasts^ societiesSocial relations are being restructured^ 7-9 years^ in most industrialized
!! (^) Increased independence from parentsProfound changes in the way they think about themselves and the world
!!!! Puberty: 12 yBar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah: 13 yQuinceañeras: 15 yDrivers License: 16 y
!!! Eligible to Vote: 18 yLegal drinking: 21 yGraduate college: 24 y
Rites of Passage
Some possible considerations!!! (^) Heinz’ happinessConsequences such as punishmentWhat others will think
!!! The lawDuty to his wifeAbstract principles: importance of life...
Level Level 1: Preconventional Stage 1: Heteronomous morality 2: Instrumental morality Age age 5 or 67 or 8
Level 2: Conventional Level 3: Postconventional^ 3: Good-child morality 4: Law & Order morality 5: Social contract morality 6: Universal ethical^ 10 or 11 adol- escence early adulthood
principles rare
Mean percentage of moral reasoning of U.S. citizens at each of Kohlberg’s stages, by age group
Heteronomous morality Instrumental morality Good-child morality Law-and-order morality Social-contract morality
Distribution of moral judgment scores for a sample of 16-year-olds Young women’s scores are lower than young men’s scores
!! Carol Gilligan:Female moral thinking is oriented toward interpersonal relationships, coupled with an ethic of caring and responsibility for other people (i.e., altruism). In a Different Voice !!!! (^) Male moral reasoning is oriented toward the question of individual rights and justice.Does this remind you of anything we’ve talked about?Chodorow’s view of early childhood Men are not different way of thinking about morality. more moral than women; they have a
Two Different Moral Voices
Bio-Social-Behavioral Shift: Adolescence Biological Domain Capacity for biological reproduction Development of secondary sex characteristics Domain^ Social^ Attainment of adult size^ Sexual relations^ Shift toward primary responsibility for self Beginning of responsibility for the next generation Behavioral Domain^ Achievement of formal operations Formation of personal and social identity (systematic thinking) in certain areas
