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LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE
SOLUTION GUIDE 2026 MASTERED A+
โ areas of development. Answer: three broad types of change in development across time, includes physical, cognitive, and psychosocial โ research. Answer: a methodical investigation that advances our understanding of behavior, including what is happening, how and why it is happening, and what to do about it โ nature. Answer: focus of developmental change is "inside" the person, i.e., biologically programmed โ nurture. Answer: focus of developmental change is "outside" the person, i.e., influenced by environment โ interaction. Answer: focus of developmental change is how internal and external factors influence each other โ physical development. Answer: changes in body structure and function across time
โ individual differences. Answer: deviations from normative developmental changes โ cognitive development. Answer: changes in thinking across the lifespan โ stage theory. Answer: descriptions of how thinking changes as we age, often seen as coming from within the person due to biological factors โ social interactions. Answer: explanation of how interpersonal relationships affect the development of thinking โ information processing theory. Answer: theories of cognitive development that describe thinking using a computer model โ language development. Answer: a timeline for acquisition of benchmarks in verbal communication โ attachment. Answer: special relationship shared between a child and his/her everyday caregivers โ parenting. Answer: social relationship that affects psychosocial development throughout the lifespan
โ prenatal period. Answer: from conception to birth, includes three stages โ infancy. Answer: the first year of life โ childhood. Answer: ranges from age one until about age 11 โ adolescence. Answer: the teenage years, ages 12- 20 โ early adulthood. Answer: period that begins in early 20s โ emerging adulthood. Answer: period between adolesence and early adulthood, characterized by role transitions and identity exploration โ middle adulthood. Answer: period in your 40s and 50s โ late adulthood. Answer: period that begins around age 65 โ descriptive research. Answer: type of research that focuses on what is happening at each age
โ correlational research. Answer: type of research that focuses on how a behavior of one group of people varies in relation to a behavior of another group of people โ experimental research. Answer: type of research that can determine cause, uses random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups โ research designs. Answer: ways of studying development โ cross-sectional. Answer: research design that compares the behavior of multiple age groups at one point in time โ longitudinal. Answer: research design that compares the behavior of one age group at multiple points across time โ genes. Answer: the biological inheritance of an organism โ experiences. Answer: external factors and events in one's life that influence development โ B = f (P + E + PE). Answer: behavior is best understood as a function of things about the person (inside), things about the
โ teratogens. Answer: chemical, drug, or illness โ critical period. Answer: a sensitive time during which a person or organism is particularly receptive to input from the environment โ infancy. Answer: the first year of life โ motor skills. Answer: set of abilities to control muscles โ childhood. Answer: period that ranges from age one until about age 11 โ motor skills. Answer: set of abilities to control muscles โ adolescence. Answer: the teenage years, ages 12- 20 โ puberty. Answer: surge of sex hormones that signal a change from childhood to adolescence โ menarche. Answer: the start of menstrual periods in females
โ adolescent brain. Answer: period during which the neurons of the frontal cortex develop myelin and the corpus callosum increases in size and myelin โ adulthood. Answer: period that begins in early 20s โ early adulthood. Answer: period that begins in early 20s โ middle adulthood. Answer: period in your 40s and 50s โ menopause. Answer: ending of menstrual periods โ late adulthood. Answer: period that begins around age 65 โ Piaget's stage theory. Answer: theory of cognitive development, describes how children develop logical thought โ sensory motor stage. Answer: Piaget's 1st stage, starts at birth and continues to age two, child thinks through sensing and moving โ object permanence. Answer: cognitive ability to believe that things exist, even if they cannot be seen
โ Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory. Answer: theory of cognitive development that emphasizes how factors "outside" the child interact with factors "inside" the child to influence how the child thinks โ scaffolding. Answer: hints or instructions that allow children (and adults) to think about and do things they could otherwide not do on their own โ input. Answer: taking information in โ storage. Answer: holding on to information as in memory โ output. Answer: getting information out โ cooing. Answer: infants' first language-like sounds โ babbling. Answer: infants uttering a combination of consonant and vowel sounds โ infant directed speech. Answer: adults speaking to infants in a stereotypic tone of voice, by raising the pitch of voice and speaking in very simple, short, repetitive phrases
โ telegraphic speech. Answer: contains only the most essential words to convey a short fast message โ statistical learning. Answer: the ability to use probabilities to recognize the boundaries between words โ critical period. Answer: a sensitive time during which a person or organism is particularly receptive to input from the environment โ internal working model. Answer: Bowlby's model that describes how the quality of early attachment relationships predict the quality of relationships across the lifespan โ strange situation. Answer: Ainsworth's research protocol to study attachment โ basic types of attachment. Answer: four styles of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth that describe the relationship and bond between a primary caregiver and child โ secure. Answer: in the "strange situation," child is upset when parent leaves, easily soothed when parent returns, prefers parent over lab assistant
โ authoritarian. Answer: type of parenting that is very low in warmth and very high in control โ permissive. Answer: type of parenting that is very high in warmth and very low in control โ indifferent/uninvolved. Answer: type of parenting that is low in warmth and low in control, most damaging effect on children โ ecological systems theory. Answer: Bronfenbrenner's model that describes how child is simultaneously "acted upon" by environments that are both near (proximal) and far (distal) โ microsystem. Answer: part of Ecological Systems Theory, people and their systems who interact directly with the child โ mesosystem. Answer: part of Ecological Systems Theory, primary influences in the micro system that interact with each other โ exosystem. Answer: part of Ecological Systems Theory, people and their systems who may never meet the child, but nonetheless have indirect influence
โ macrosystem. Answer: part of Ecological Systems Theory, people and their systems who share the same culture, ethnicity, and historical experiences as the child โ chronosystem. Answer: part of Ecological Systems Theory, the timing of experiences in the development of a child โ Erickson's Psychosocial Theory. Answer: stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma โ trust vs. mistrust. Answer: 1st stage in Erikson's theory, can baby learn to trust others to take care of his/her needs? โ autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Answer: 2nd stage in Erikson's theory, can child assert independence? โ initiative vs. guilt. Answer: 3rd stage in Erikson's theory, can child direct his/her own behavior? โ industry vs. inferiority. Answer: 4th stage in Erikson's theory, can child feel accomplished?
โ coping with bereavement. Answer: moving between emotions of grief and restoration as one copes with the loss of a loved one โ Baltes' Lifespan Perspective. Answer: comprehensive view of development suggesting that growth and change occur across the entire lifespan โ multiple directions. Answer: one of four main concepts in Life- span Perspective, states that change occurs in more than one direction, gains and losses occur across the lifespan โ plasticity. Answer: one of four main concepts in Life-span Perspective, states that we are flexible in how we adapt to changes โ historical context. Answer: one of four main concepts in Life-span Perspective, states that development is uniquely affected by each person's era-specific experiences โ multiple causes. Answer: one of four main concepts in Life-span Perspective, states that the sources of developmental change across the lifespan are found in a variety of places โ
