Download Developmental Psychology and Childbirth: From Preconception to Infancy - Prof. Landers-Po and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
← Exploring Lifespan Development: a pattern of change involving growth and decline Human development is interdisciplinary o Ex. Biology, History, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and Neuroscience The Field of Human Development o Scientific/research based o Applied ← Developmental changes are a result of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes Biological physical Cognitive patterns of thinking; how complexly we think Socioemotional interactions with others in society All are interlinked and interrelated ← Many forces influence development: Sociocultural & environmental contexts o Culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, family/parenting, health and well-being, education o Ex. Raising children in Africa compared to United States Historical circumstances o Historical contexts & life events affect human development o Ex. Women’s rights; sexual revolution, 9/ Life events or unusual circumstances impacting on the specific individual ← Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective
Development is: o 1. Multidimensional affected by different blend of biological, psychological, and social forces o 2. Lifelong physical, cognitive, and emotional/social o 3. Multidirectional growth, stability, and decline in all stages of life Ex. Developing one skill giving up refining of other skills o 4. Highly plastic o 5. Influenced by multiple interacting forces Age-graded influences events strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last Ex. Walking after first birthday History-graded influences why people born around same time (cohorts) tend to be alike Nonnormative influences irregular events that happen to one or few people and do not follow predictable timetable Period of Development Prenatal conception to birth Infancy & Toddlerhood birth to 2 years Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Middle Childhood 6 to 11 years Adolescence Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood ← Is Chronological Age Becoming Less Important?
← Resilience
The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development Factors in resilience o 1. Personal characteristics o 2. Warm parental relationship o 3. Social support outside of family teacher, neighbor o 4. Community resources and opportunities mentor, YMCA ← Theories of Child & Human Development Hall & Gesell – The Normative Period o Normative approach measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development Binet & Simon– Mental Testing Movement o Intelligence test at Stanford University Psychosexual Theory : Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality o Emphasizes how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives o Id largest portion; biological desires o Ego conscious, rational part; mediates Id and Superego o Superego conscience; societal norms Freud’s Psychosexual Stages o Oral (Age Birth-1) thumb sucking; bottle o Anal (Age 1-3) toilet training o Phallic (Age 3-6) interest in genitals; superego develops
Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world o Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years) exploring physically o Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) representing world through speech Cannot understand depth or volume o Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years) predict outcomes throughout world; no able to think in abstractions Describe themselves with concrete adjectives like tall or pretty o Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years through adulthood) understand abstract qualities Describe themselves with abstract adjectives like nice or funny
← Theories of Child and Human Development (cont.) Information-Processing Theory human mind as symbol- manipulating system through which information flows o 1. Sensory Register (Input) – We take info in from our senses o 2. Short-term Memory (Working Memory) – Mental processing unit where information stored temporarily o 3. Long-term Memory (Memory Storage) – Encyclopedic memory in which information is stored and from which it can be retrieved o 4. Behavioral Responses (Output) Ethology o Study of adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history; builds on Darwin as adaptive behaviors within us that help ensure survival Imprinting young birds stay close to mother Critical Period after a certain stage of life, it is impossible to develop a particular trait Ex. binocular vision; exposure to first person at birth is believed to be primary caregiver Sensitive Period after certain stage of life, it is much harder to develop a particular trait Ex. learning second language Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory o Transmission of culture to a new generation Values, beliefs, customs, skills We acquire what we need through social interaction, especially through primary caregiver o Language Development self-talk; children talking to themselves o Zone of Proximal Development building onto different levels in expansion of education Bronfenbrenner’s (Bio) Ecological Theory o Individual develops in many different contexts
← Biological and Environmental Foundations (Chapter 2) – cont.
DNA Replication o DNA contains genes o DNA organizes itself into chromosomes before division occurs o When cell division occurs (called mitosis or meiosis), the cell duplicates the genetic code Difference between Mitosis & Meiosis o Mitosis Process by which most cells (somatic line, or ‘body’ cells) divide DNA replication & division creates 2 diploid cells o Meiosis Process by which cells that become gametes (germ-line, or reproductive cells) divide Process restricted to gonads (testicals & ovaries) DNA replication & division creates 4 haploid cells o Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: Terminology Zygote – sperm and ova united Gametes – sex cells: sperm or ova Autosomes – 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes – 23rd^ pair of chromosomes; determines sex: XX = female, XY = male o Twins Fraternal/Dizygotic Two zygotes, or fertilized ova
Chances increase by maternal age Characteristics – mental retardation, slower motor development, thyroid problems 2. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Problems with the X or Y chromosomes Ex. Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome – X with no chromosome from father o Dominant-Recessive Inheritance Finding chances of having normal or defective genes, as well as determining carriers 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive
← Biological and Environmental Foundations (Chapter 2) – cont. Reproductive Choices o Genetic counseling Recommended when: Couple has had difficulties Aware of genetic problems Woman is over 35 Helps couples assess chances of hereditary disorders Choose best course of action o Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine Fetoscopy – insert scope with camera to view baby Ultrasound – view baby through soundwaves Maternal blood analysis – AFP test; test for protein Preimplantation genetic screening – in vitro; extract cell from embryo for analysis Amniocentesis – extract amniotic fluid through stomach Chorionic villus sampling – extract placenta through stomach and vagina o Adoption o Reproductive technologies Gamete donor (insemination & egg donation) In vitro fertilization Surrogate mother Reproductive outsourcing – couples in U.S. use women in India for surrogacy
The Epigenetic Framework development of resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment o Levels: environment, behavior, and gene expression o Bidirectional exchanges Genetic-Environment Correlation our genes influence environments to which we are exposed o Passive correlation – parents pass on genes and determine environment o Evocative correlation – evokes certain responses from environment o Active correlation – choosing environments Niche-picking tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity Environmental Contexts for Development o Family o Socioeconomic status o Neighborhoods, towns, and cities o Cultural context Socioeconomic Status (SES) years of education, prestige of and skill required by one’s job, and income o Access to resources in society affects all aspects of our development o Statistics – 13% of Americans are poor o Groups more likely to be poor Children (17-18%) Women Parents under age 25 with young children
Elderly living alone, especially women Ethnic minorities o Family functioning Timing and duration of family life cycle Values and expectations Parents’ involvement Communication and discipline styles Children’s cognitive development o Extended families Three or more generations living together More common in many minority cultures Benefits – assistance, help, provide support Individualist vs. Collectivist Societies o Individualist View self as separate from other people Focus on personal needs and goals – ME team o Collectivist View self as part of a group Stress group goals over individual goals – me TEAM ← Ch. Conception and Implantation o Ovulation – releasing egg Woman is born with 400,000 eggs but releases 400 eggs in lifetime o Fertilization – sperm meeting egg Egg has 12 hours to live after being released o First weeks after conception Embryonic development First three weeks are most hazardous for zygote 1/3 to ½ of all fertilized zygotes die Risk factors Inheritance of defective chromosomes Down syndrome Errors in mitosis after fertilization Implantation errors
By the time most women realize they are pregnant, and schedule an appointment with healthcare provider (10-12 wks) o Organogenesis is nearly complete o Fetal heart is formed o Spinal canal has closed o Eyes are formed o Limbs are actively moving o Genitalia are recognizable Morning sickness is just starting to taper off ← Preconception Care and Counseling Psychological readiness (both parents) o Rationale for childbearing o Stability of relationship/finances o Expectations for childbearing and parenting Timing of childbearing - education/career Stopping contraceptive methods Nutrition o Achieve ideal body weight o Balanced diet/prenatal vitamins o Folic acid supplement (0.4 mg/day) o Limit/eliminate caffeine
Genetic screening – down syndrome, fragile x syndrome Dental care - poor dental hygiene = increased risk for preterm labor and birth Medications? – cut back on or change certain medications Chronic health conditions - diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, seizure disorder, advanced maternal age (35 yrs old) Environmental and Workplace Issues o Teratogens o Cigarette smoke o Illicit drugs Don’t forget the male contribution o Limited data o Genetics o Alcohol, drugs, smoking Choice of birth place and provider o Birth center vs. hospital vs. home o Obstetrician vs. midwife Desired labor support o Pain management options – natural birth, epidural, sedatives ← What are teratogens? An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo Potential teratogens: o Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome)
