Download Developmental Psychology and Childbirth: From Preconception to Infancy - Prof. Landers-Po and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! 12/01/2009 17:17:00 ← Exploring Lifespan Development: a pattern of change involving growth and decline Human development is interdisciplinary o Ex. Biology, History, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and Neuroscience The Field of Human Development o Scientific/research based o Applied ← Developmental changes are a result of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes Biological physical Cognitive patterns of thinking; how complexly we think Socioemotional interactions with others in society All are interlinked and interrelated ← Many forces influence development: Sociocultural & environmental contexts o Culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, family/parenting, health and well-being*, education* o Ex. Raising children in Africa compared to United States Historical circumstances o Historical contexts & life events affect human development o Ex. Women’s rights; sexual revolution, 9/11 Life events or unusual circumstances impacting on the specific individual ← Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective Development is: o 1. Multidimensional affected by different blend of biological, psychological, and social forces o 2. Lifelong physical, cognitive, and emotional/social o 3. Multidirectional growth, stability, and decline in all stages of life Ex. Developing one skill giving up refining of other skills o 4. Highly plastic o 5. Influenced by multiple interacting forces Age-graded influences events strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last Ex. Walking after first birthday History-graded influences why people born around same time (cohorts) tend to be alike Nonnormative influences irregular events that happen to one or few people and do not follow predictable timetable Period of Development Prenatal conception to birth Infancy & Toddlerhood birth to 2 years Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Middle Childhood 6 to 11 years Adolescence Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood ← Is Chronological Age Becoming Less Important? The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development Factors in resilience o 1. Personal characteristics o 2. Warm parental relationship o 3. Social support outside of family teacher, neighbor o 4. Community resources and opportunities mentor, YMCA ← Theories of Child & Human Development Hall & Gesell – The Normative Period o Normative approach measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development Binet & Simon– Mental Testing Movement o Intelligence test at Stanford University Psychosexual Theory: Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality o Emphasizes how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives o Id largest portion; biological desires o Ego conscious, rational part; mediates Id and Superego o Superego conscience; societal norms Freud’s Psychosexual Stages o Oral (Age Birth-1) thumb sucking; bottle o Anal (Age 1-3) toilet training o Phallic (Age 3-6) interest in genitals; superego develops o Latency (Age 6-puberty) no conflict; same sex friendships o Genital (Puberty+) interest in interacting with others Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages ego acquires attitude and skills that make individual an active, contributing member of society o Basic trust v. mistrust (Birth to 1 year) o Autonomy v. shame and doubt (1-3 years) o Initiative v. guilt (3-6 years) o Industry v. inferiority (6-11 years) o Identity v. role confusion (Adolescence) o Intimacy v. isolation (Early adulthood) o Generativity v. stagnation (Middle adulthood) o Ego integrity v. despair (Late adulthood) Behaviorism & Social Learning o Behaviorism directly observable events – stimuli and responses Classical Conditioning (John Watson) stimulus – response; scaring baby with rat and loud sound Pavlov dog and bell Tabula rasa blank slate Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) reinforcers and punishments Pigeons operating missiles o Social Learning (Bandura) modeling; imitation or observational learning Warmth of hot coffee triggers comfort and good mood o Behavior modification combines conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world o Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years) exploring physically o Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) representing world through speech Cannot understand depth or volume o Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years) predict outcomes throughout world; no able to think in abstractions Describe themselves with concrete adjectives like tall or pretty o Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years through adulthood) understand abstract qualities Describe themselves with abstract adjectives like nice or funny 12/01/2009 17:17:00
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DNA Replication o DNA contains genes o DNA organizes itself into chromosomes before division occurs o When cell division occurs (called mitosis or meiosis), the cell duplicates the genetic code Difference between Mitosis & Meiosis o Mitosis Process by which most cells (somatic line, or ‘body’ cells) divide DNA replication & division creates 2 diploid cells o Meiosis Process by which cells that become gametes (germ-line, or reproductive cells) divide Process restricted to gonads (testicals & ovaries) DNA replication & division creates 4 haploid cells o Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: Terminology Zygote – sperm and ova united Gametes – sex cells: sperm or ova Autosomes – 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes – 23rd pair of chromosomes; determines sex: XX = female, XY = male o Twins Fraternal/Dizygotic Two zygotes, or fertilized ova Identical/Monozygotic One zygote that divides into two individuals o Alleles Different forms of the same gene Appear at the same place on both chromosomes in a pair One inherited from each parent Homozygous – the two alleles are alike (2 alleles for blue eyes) Heterozygous – the alleles differ (1 for blue eyes, 1 for brown eyes) Incomplete dominance Both alleles are expressed, resulting in combined or intermediate trait Ex. sickle cell trait Monogenic Inheritance Your phenotype is determined by a single gene Ex. eye color, ability to curl tongue Polygenic Inheritance Your phenotype is determined by multiple genes which are additive or interactive Most genes are polygenic Ex. height, skin color o Chromosomal Abnormalities 1. Down Syndrome Problems with the 21st chromosome – extra chromosome made during meiosis, creating three chromosomes 12/01/2009 17:17:00
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The Epigenetic Framework development of resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment o Levels: environment, behavior, and gene expression o Bidirectional exchanges Genetic-Environment Correlation our genes influence environments to which we are exposed o Passive correlation – parents pass on genes and determine environment o Evocative correlation – evokes certain responses from environment o Active correlation – choosing environments Niche-picking tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity Environmental Contexts for Development o Family o Socioeconomic status o Neighborhoods, towns, and cities o Cultural context Socioeconomic Status (SES) years of education, prestige of and skill required by one’s job, and income o Access to resources in society affects all aspects of our development o Statistics – 13% of Americans are poor o Groups more likely to be poor Children (17-18%) Women Parents under age 25 with young children Elderly living alone, especially women Ethnic minorities o Family functioning Timing and duration of family life cycle Values and expectations Parents’ involvement Communication and discipline styles Children’s cognitive development o Extended families Three or more generations living together More common in many minority cultures Benefits – assistance, help, provide support Individualist vs. Collectivist Societies o Individualist View self as separate from other people Focus on personal needs and goals – ME team o Collectivist View self as part of a group Stress group goals over individual goals – me TEAM ← Ch.3 Conception and Implantation o Ovulation – releasing egg Woman is born with 400,000 eggs but releases 400 eggs in lifetime o Fertilization – sperm meeting egg Egg has 12 hours to live after being released o First weeks after conception Embryonic development First three weeks are most hazardous for zygote 1/3 to ½ of all fertilized zygotes die Risk factors Inheritance of defective chromosomes Down syndrome Errors in mitosis after fertilization Implantation errors Genetic screening – down syndrome, fragile x syndrome Dental care - poor dental hygiene = increased risk for preterm labor and birth Medications? – cut back on or change certain medications Chronic health conditions - diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, seizure disorder, advanced maternal age (35 yrs old) Environmental and Workplace Issues o Teratogens o Cigarette smoke o Illicit drugs Don’t forget the male contribution o Limited data o Genetics o Alcohol, drugs, smoking Choice of birth place and provider o Birth center vs. hospital vs. home o Obstetrician vs. midwife Desired labor support o Pain management options – natural birth, epidural, sedatives ← What are teratogens? An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo Potential teratogens: o Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome) o Medications: anti-seizure, antidepressants, thyroid drugs, thalidomide, accutane (isotretinoin) o Illicit drugs (withdrawal syndrome, behavioral effects) o Radiation (DNA damage) o Occupational chemical exposures o Toxoplasmosis – cat litter o Rubella o Cytomegalovirus o Syphilis ← Maternal Anatomical and Physiological Changes Pregnancy affects: o Posture o Digestion o Blood volume o Breathing rate Woman should expect: o Increased urinary frequency o Stretch marks o Emotional lability o Nesting instincts 1st Trimester – initial conception to 12 weeks o “Period of adjustment” 2nd Trimester – 12-24 weeks o “Period of radiant health” 3rd Trimester – 24 weeks to birth o “Period of watchful waiting” ← Fetal Development 6-7 weeks Placenta begins to form Fetus weighs 0.001 oz Uterus = small orange Head is the largest portion Internal organs formed Heart is beating (since end of 4th wk) Baby is floating amniotic sac Arm/leg buds w/finger/toe buds “Fetus” at 7 wks ← Fetal Development 12 weeks Placenta fully developed and supporting the pregnancy Uterus = grapefruit Baby has fingernails/toenails Can flex fingers/toes Eyelids are fused Legs grow slower than arms Start of Labor o Not clear what initiates labor, probably a combination of maternal and fetal hormonal interactions o “Lightening” – baby descends down to pelvic region o Pelvic pressure o Slowing of fetal movement o “Bloody show” (loss of mucus plug) o Low back pain, low abdominal cramping o Cervix is effacing, but little dilation past 2-3 cm Early labor o Talking, laughing, joking o Does not take full focus to deal with contractions o Cervix is effacing, dilation to 4-5 cm Active Labor o Labor becomes more “serious” o Contractions require full focus o Pain medication may be requested o Good evidence that labor support during this stage results in a feeling of satisfaction with the birth experience o Cervix dilates from 5-10 cm o 8-10 cm is point of “transition”; requires coping skills of “steel” o Now fully dilated and descent of baby begins Latent Phase of Labor o Often ignored in many obstetrical settings o No need to start pushing as soon as complete dilation is achieved o Unmedicated births – mother often rests as contractions space out o Medicated (epidural) births ← Cervical Effacement & Dilation Cervix – opening to the uterus Effacement - gradual thinning, shortening and drawing up of the cervix measured in percentages from 0 to 100% Dilation – gradual opening of the cervix measured in centimeters form 0 to 10 cms. Primigravida – uterus with first baby Multipara – uterus after many babies ← The Birth (2nd Stage) Fetal head descends into the birth canal Head rounds the Curve of Carus (most difficult part) Head is seen crowing at the opening of the vagina “2 steps forward, 1 step back” More and more of the head will emerge with each push Once the head is born, it!s all over (usually...) ← Separation of Mom and Baby ← Delivery of the Placenta (3rd Stage) Placenta usually delivers within 5-30 min after the birth Separation of the placenta from the uterine wall leaves a wound there Strong uterine contractions (afterpains) clamp down on the bleeding vessels Uncontrolled bleeding (postpartum hemorrhage) is the leading cause of maternal mortality around the world ← Take Home Message: The overall goal of the care of women of childbearing age around the world, from preconception care to delivery, is a healthy outcome for both mother and baby. ←