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Lifespan Development Theory test exam with complete verified solutions.docx
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Why is it important to study lifespan Development? - answer People are living much longer than they used to. It is important to know where we've been and where we are headed Traditional views of lifespan development - answer Traditional - Childhood is a unique time of development that lays the foundation for adult years Original Sin - Children are inherently evil
Tabula Rasa - Children are a blank slate Innate Goodness - Childrena re good Traditional views of old age in lifespan development - answer old age is just decline (wasn't even an old age, because people died so young) Contemporary view of lifespan development - answer needed because of increased lifespan Childhood lays foundation (same) Development continues throughout life. Seven Bais characteristics of life-span perspective - answer Lifelong development Multidimensional - biological, cognitive and socioemotional Multidirectional - growth and decline at all periods of development Plastic - changing, can learn at all ages Multidisciplinary - psychology, biology, sociology Involves growth, maintenance and regulation depending on which stage of lifespan you're at
L. Adult - 60-death 4 concepts of age - answer chronologica - years Psychological - Adaptive capacities (comparison) Biological - Development, nutrition, lifestyle, fitness and environmental factors and socioeconomic factors Social - stage of life (mom of baby, empty nester) Mental Age - IQ Coreected age - Preemie Key Developmental Issues - answer Nature v.s nurture: genetics or experience Continuity vs Discontinuity: gradual or distinct stage Stability vs Change: Fluidity or firm Theory - answer Set of idease that explain an observation. Can be used to make predictions Freud - answer Five years for personality, 5 stages of dev thRee structures of personality Id, ego, superego psychosExual theory
Freuds five stages of Development - answer Oral - B- 18 months - pleasure eating sucking, biting Anal - 18 - 3 years - elimination, Phallic: - 4-5 years - manip of genitals Latency - 6-puberty - represses sexuality Genital - sexual pleasure from outside of family Erikson - answer Eight stages throughout life TAG 3 I's GI Psychosocial Erikson's developmental stages - answer Trust vs. Mistrust - B-1 year - comfortable, safe,hope Autonomy vs. shame - 1-3 - will and independence - will Guilt vs. initiative - 4-5 - Responsibility - purpose Industry vs Inferiority - K-6 - mastery, creativity, imagination - competence
Micro - setting where one lives. school, neighborhood, family, peers Mesosystem - Relationships between microsystems or contexts, (school to church, family-peers) Exosystem - An experience in another persons social setting eg. wife's office friends Macrosystem - culture, country, Social-economic status Chronosystem - Age or period of time - eg. Technological era, Wartime, drought Maslow - answer Humanist, hierarchy of needs, Human nature is neutral or inherently good, self actualization, full potential, not a lot of science Physiological - breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis Safety - security of body of employment or resources, of morality, family, health, property Love/Belonging - Friendship, family, intimacy Esteem - Self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect Self-actualization - morality, creativity, spontaniety problem solving, lack of prejudice
Cognitive Theory - answer emphasize conscious thoughts and associate with construction of knowledge Jean Peaget - answer Children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 age related stages of cognitive development Piaget believed we adapt in 2 ways - answer Assimilation
Vygotsky's socio-cultural cog theory - answer culture ad social interaction guide cog development Dev occurs throughout social interaction with knowledgeable members of society Ethological theories - answer Behaviour is: strongly influenced by biology tied to evolution characterized by critical or sensitive periods links human behaviour to animals Lorenz - answer imprinting is rapid, innate, learning within a limited critical period that involves attachment to the first moving object seen critical period is a fixed time period very early in development Bowlby - answer Type of attachment an infant has with his caregiver over the first year of life will influence development Pro Ethological approach - answer increased focus on the biological and evolutionary phase of development
use of careful observations in settings emphasis on sensitive periods of development Con's ethological approach - answer critical and sensitive periods might be too rigid too strong an emphasis on biological foundations Moral development theories - answer how are morals acquired? Kohlbergs theories have 3 levels. What are they - answer 1 - Pre-conventional reasoning (6-12) External rewards and punishment no internalization of morals 2 - conventional reasoning (early-mid adolescence) standards of others, intermediate internalization of morals 3 - post conventional reasoning (late adolescence) morality is completely internalized and not based on others standards
