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ISSN (Print) 2321– 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2015
SOLAR POWERED LED STREETLIGHT
WITH AUTOMATIC INTENSITY CONTROL
Ahmed ShariqueAnees^1 , Anupriya^2 , Ayushy Chowdhary^3 ,Shalini Dubey^4 ,Shweta Verma^5 Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology Gr. Noida,India^1 Student, Electrical and Electronics, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Gr. Noida, India2,3,4,
Abstract: As we all know that energy consumption has increased a lot and sources of energy are limited so in order to meet the increasing demand of energy use of renewable sources of energy is a must. Keeping this in mind in this paper we are discussing about SOLAR LED STREET LIGHT WITH AUTO INTENSITY CONTROL.This street light is driven by solar energy and apart from this it also controls its intensity from dusk to dawn depending upon the brightness. A case study is also done to show advantages of solar led street light compare to that of traditional street light. This street light can save a large amount of electricity compared to the tradition one which are alight to their maximum intensity at all times after they are switched on.
Keywords: Lux, lumens, efficacy, colour retentation.
I. INTRODUCTION The main function of the streetlight is to illuminate the street at dark hours. Earlier, the street lighting was very simple and also accounted for less investment as the number of streets were less. But, with rapid urbanization the number of streets increased rapidly and this led to increase in number of street lights and investment associated with them .[1]. For designing a proper street light various factors are to be considered which includes its efficiency to provide proper lighting on the street, its harmful environmental effect, installation and running cost etc. So before designing a street light all these factors should be considered properly and efforts should be made to incorporate technologies which are mosrecost effective like the one we have discussed here “SOLAR LED STREET LIGHT WITH AUTOMATIC INTENSITY CONTROL”. [2] There are various types of street lights according to the lamp used such as incandescent light, mercury vapour light, metal halide light, high pressure sodium light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light, induction light and LED light..For the past several years high and low pressure sodium lamps have been used for street and security lighting but improved LED technology and their lower prices have the potential to replace them in future. The efficacy and life span of various street lighting technologies are shown in table1.[3]
TABLE 1: COMPARISON OF EFFICACY AND LIFE SPAN
Led can easily replace traditional street light lamps because they have higher efficacy and longer life apart from this they are compact, robust and requires comparatively less power. They are very flexible towards new technology so concept of automatic intensity control
is easily applicable to them. Automatic intensity control is a simple and beneficial concept in which street light controls its intensity according to the brightness of the surrounding. Street light is automatically switched ON when the sunlight goes down and is automatically switched OFF when there is sufficient sunlight. This function is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. This system removes manual work of switching ON and OFF of street light.
II. A CASE STUDY FOR REPLACING CONVENTIONAL STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM (HPS) BY SOLAR LED STREET LIGHT.[4] A comparative study between traditional HPS street light and LED street (for 1km) was done at three different locations in Gr.noida. Table below shows wattage of HPS bulb and LED array for same lux .[5]. Table 2 gives wattage comparison of HPS and Led array for the same lux and pole length. TABLE 2: HPS vs LED WATTAGE Area Hps Led array
Pole length Highway 250 W 110 W 20 m Service Lane 150 W 90 W 15 m
Sector 70 W 40 W 10 m Fig 1 is graphical representation of table 2
FIG:3 WATTAGE COMPARISON
HIGH
WAY
SERVICE
LANE
SECTOR
HPS
LED
ISSN (Print) 2321– 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2015
A plot for lux vs distance from the pole on either side is shown in Fig. 2. It is showing the distribution pattern of lux.
FIG:2 LUX VS DISTANCE FROM THE POLE
A. CASE STUDY 1
NOIDA-GR.NOIDA EXPRESS WAY
Noida-Gr.noida express way was inaugurated in 2002. It was built at a cost of Rs.400 crore. It begins at sector 15 and ends at Alpha commercial belt in Gr.noida. It has six lanes and extends upto 24.53 km [6]. 250 watt hps bulbs are used in these streetlights and there are 50 streetlights in 1Km.
A1. COST CALCULATION FOR FIRST YEARi.e ELECTRICITY BILL+ INSTALLATION COST[7]
Table 3 gives the installation cost of 50 HPS street light along with the total electricity bill for one year.
TABLE 3: TOTAL COST FOR FIRST YEAR
A2. ELECTRICITY BILL FOR 25 YEARS
CONSIDERINGAN YEARLY INFLATION OF 5% IN
ELECTRICITY CHARGE.
In table 4 we have calculated the total amount which is to be paid in 25 years assuming 5% inflation in electricity cost. We have calculated this so that wecan show that in long run solar led street light will be efficient both in performance and cost.
TABLE 4: 25 YEAR ELECTRICITY BILL
Year Previous year bill
Inflation=B =(A0.05)*
NEXT
YEAR
BILL=(A+B)
Apart from electricity bill there will also be maintenance cost for every year with some inflation. Total cost for each year will be sum of electricity bill and maintenance cost. Similarly, we have done the same calculation for LED array sreet light for same lux. From the table above we know that250 watt HPS bulb can be replaced by 110 watt LED array for same lux. As solar led streetlight is driven by solar energy so there is no electricity bill. The entire cost for first year is only the installation cost. Table 5 shows the installation cost involved in 50 Solar LED array street lights.
TABLE 5: INSTALLATION COST COST OF 110watt LED array Rs. COST OF 50 SETS(A) Rs.375, ELECTRICITY COST Rs.0. INSTALLATION COST OF 1 STREETLIGHT Rs.13,
INSTALLATION COST OF 50 STREETLIGHTS(B)
Rs.650,
TOTAL COST=(A+B) Rs.1025,
Similarly, 25 year bill is calculated which is shown in table 6. There will be no electricity cost. So only cost which have to be paid is maintence cost at the given inflation rate (let it be 5%)
TABLE 6: 25 YEAR ELECTRICITY BILL
HIGHWA
Y
SERVICE
LANE
SECTOR
ISSN (Print) 2321– 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2015
C2. ELECTRICITY BILL FOR 25 YEARS CONSIDERING AN YEARLY INFLATION OF 5% IN ELECTRICITY CHARGE. In table 12 we have calculated the total amount which is to be paid in 25 years assuming 5% inflation in electricity cost. This is done in similar way as we have earlier. In the above calculation we have not considered the maintenance cost of each year but there will be maintenance cost also with some inflation each year.
TABLE 12: 25 YEAR ELECTRICITY BILL
Year
Previous year bill (A)
Inflation=(B) =(A0.05)*
Next year bill=(A+B) 2 94483.56 4724.178 99207. 3 99207.74 4960.387 104168. 4 104168.1 5208.406 109376. 5 109376.5 5468.827 114845. 6 114845.4 5742.268 120587. 7 120587.6 6029.382 126617 8 126617 6330.851 132947. 9 132947.9 6647.393 139595. 10 139595.3 6979.763 146575 11 146575 7328.751 153903. 12 153903.8 7695.189 161599 13 161599 8079.948 169678. 14 169678.9 8483.945 178162. 15 178162.9 8908.143 187071 16 187071 9353.55 196424. 17 196424.5 9821.227 206445. 18 206245.8 10312.29 216558. 19 216558.1 10827.9 227386 20 227386 11369.3 238755. 21 238755.3 11937.76 250693 22 250693 12534.65 263227. 23 263227.7 13161.38 276389. 24 276389.1 13819.45 290208. 25 290208.5 14510.43 304718.
Similarly, we have done the same calculation for LED array sreet light for same lux.
Table 13 shows the installation cost involved in 33 Solar LED array street lights.
70 watt HPS bulb can be replaced by 40watt LED array for same lux. As solar led streetlight is driven by solar energy so there is no electricity bill. The entire cost for first year is only the installation cost TABLE 13: INSTALLATION COST COST OF 40watt LED array
Rs.
COST OF 33 SETS(A) Rs. ELECTRICITY COST Rs.0. INSTALLATION COST OF 1 STREETLIGHT
Rs.8,
INSTALLATION COST OF 50 STREETLIGHTS(B)
Rs.
TOTAL COST=(A+B) Rs.
Similarly, 25 year bill is calculated which is shown in table 14. There will be no electricity cost. So only cost which have to be paid is maintence cost at the given inflation rate (let it be 5%) TABLE 14:25 YEAR ELECTRICITY BILL
Year
Inflation in electricity cost
Electricity cost
Total cost(rs/km)
2nd 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 3rd 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 4th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 5th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 6th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 7th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 8th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 9th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 10th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 11th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 12th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 13th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 14th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 15th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 16th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 17th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 18th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 19th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 20th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 21th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 22nd 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 23rd 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 24th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ 25th 0 0 M.C(1.05)^ From the above three case studies we came to know that though the initial investment is much higher in case of solar LED street lights compared to traditional HPS street light , but as we know that solar streetlight is driven by solar energy so no electricity bill has to be paid as a result of this the extra investment made is received back within 3 to 4 years after that it is only saving. In our calculation we have not included the automatic intensity control part when that is included it would become even more effective. III. PROTOTYPE DESCRIPTION Keeping in view the advantages of SOLAR LED STREET LIGHT WITH AUTOMATIC INTENSITY CONTROL a prototype of this streetlight have been made. D.CIRCUITS INVOLVED
- POWER SUPPLY
Fig4: POWER SUPPLY
ISSN (Print) 2321– 5526 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2015
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. It is used to provide power to the system. Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics involved in the project. This requires step down transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter circuit. Transformer reduces the voltage level from 220V AC to 12V AC. Rectifier converts this AC voltage to equivalent DC voltage. Capacitor working as filter removes ripple from the output of rectifier. 7805 voltage regulator is used which gives a constant 5V at its output.
- CONTROL CIRCUIT
Fig:5: CONTROL CIRCUIT
Working of model is based on pulse width modulation. Crystal oscillator is used to generate frequency. Microcontroller ATMEGA16 is used to generate pulse based on the signal provided by LDR, it has analog to digital converter incorporated in it. Switch is used to reset the microcontroller.
- LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR(LDR)
FIG:6 LDR
Photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photo conductivity. Photo resistors are made of semiconductor materials , when light falling on them is of enough frequency , the photons absorbed by the semiconductor makes the bound electrons to reach in conduction band .As a result of this conduction increases resistance decreases. LDRs are made of cadmium sulphide which has very few or no free electrons. Its resistance is quite high. When it absorbs photons free electrons increases and so its conductivity also increases. The approximate relationship between the resistance and illumination is R = AE~a^ where E is illumination in lux, R is resistance in ohms, A and a , are constants.
IV. ADVANTAGES[8]
- Solar street light is independent of grid as a result of this operating cost is much low.
- Maintenance cost is much low compared to conventional street light.
- Intensity of LED can be controlled effectively without changes in its light colour which is not possible in case of HPS.
- Risk of accidents is very low.
- It is environmental friendly, no harmful emissions.
- Longer life compared to conventional streel lights.
- Power consumption is much lower.
V. DISADVANTAGES
- Initial investment is very high.
- Rechargeable batteries have to be replaced from time to time
- Non-availability of sunlight during rainy and winter seasons is a problem.
- Dust accumulation on the surface of panel creates a problem.
VI. CONCLUSION Solar energy is a non-coventional , non-polluting and reliable source of energy. This paper shows how effectively we can use this energy to drive the street light apart from this automatic intensity control using LDR helps to save a large amount of electric power which is wasted in conventional HPS street lights. Though the initial investment is very high but the case study done shows that this investment is received back in 3 to 4 years after that the only investment needed is maintenance cost which is very less. Considering the above facts we come to know that solar led street light with automatic intensity control is better than any traditional street light in terms of energy saving and cost effectiveness. This technology is being improved and full conversion will help to save a large amount of energy.
REFRENCES [1]. “Survey on Street Lighting System Based On Vehicle Movements” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319- [2]. “SOLAR LED STREET-LIGHT USING MOTION SENSOR AND SINGLE AXIS CONTROL” International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue5, M ay-2013 ISSN 2278- [3]. ”Illuminating the Benefits of LED Street Lights”TRANS LUX ENERGY LED LIGHTING WHITE PAPER [4]. ”THE TRANSITION TO LED ILLUMINATION: A CASE STUDY ON ENERGY CONSERVATION” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology© 2005 - 2008 JATIT. All rights reserved. www.jatit.org. [5]. ”Comparison chart HPS vs LED steet light”http://www.dmxledlights.com/OutdoorLighting/StreetLightsL U1/Comparison_HPS_vs_LED_Street_Lights.html [6]. ”Noida-Gr.noida express way-wikipedia” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida–reater_Noida_Expressway [7]. ”Noida power company Ltd.”-APPROVED RATE SCHEDULE OF HON’ABLE UP ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION FOR FY 2014- [8]. “Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System”- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 2, JUNE 2013.
