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Properties and Uses of Lime in Construction, Summaries of Law

University of Sierra LeoneLaw

An in-depth analysis of lime, a basic building material, and its classification into fat lime, hydraulic lime, and poor lime. It discusses the sources of obtaining lime, their properties, and their uses in construction, including whitewashing, plastering, pointing works, and major civil engineering projects. The document also covers the precautions in handling lime and the terminologies associated with it.

Typology: Summaries

2023/2024

Uploaded on 04/03/2024

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LIME (AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL)
Lime is one of the basic building material used mainly as lime mortar in construction
The main sources of obtaining lime are the stones which possess clay, magnesium carbonate, soluble
silica, alkalis and metallic oxides, sulphates, iron compounds and carbonaceous matter.
General Classification of Lime and their Uses:
Lime is classified based on the calcination of limestone, and they are:
Fat Lime
Fat lime is white in colour, which has high calcium oxide content. This lime can set and become
hard only in the presence of carbon dioxide.
It is also called high-calcium lime, pure lime, rich lime or white lime. But, it is mostly known as fat
lime as it slakes quickly. It contains specific properties such as very slowly hardening, a high degree of
plasticity and soluble in water.
Uses of fat lime:
Itisusedinplasteredsurfacesforwhitewashing.
Itisusedaslimemortar(acombinationoflimeandsand)forplasteringandpointingworks.
ItisusedasaLimeSurkhimortarforfoundations,thickmasonrywalls,etc.,wheresurkhiis
thepowderobtainedbypoundingburntbricks.
Hydraulic Lime
Hydraulic lime is the lime that contains small quantities of silica, alumina and iron oxide, which are
collectively in the chemical composition with calcium oxide.
It is also known as water lime because it can set under water and become hard even in the absence
of carbon dioxide.
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LIME (AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL)

Lime is one of the basic building material used mainly as lime mortar in construction The main sources of obtaining lime are the stones which possess clay, magnesium carbonate, soluble silica, alkalis and metallic oxides, sulphates, iron compounds and carbonaceous matter. General Classification of Lime and their Uses: Lime is classified based on the calcination of limestone, and they are: Fat Lime Fat lime is white in colour, which has high calcium oxide content. This lime can set and become hard only in the presence of carbon dioxide. It is also called high-calcium lime, pure lime, rich lime or white lime. But, it is mostly known as fat lime as it slakes quickly. It contains specific properties such as very slowly hardening, a high degree of plasticity and soluble in water. Uses of fat lime:  It is used in plastered surfaces for whitewashing.  It is used as lime mortar (a combination of lime and sand) for plastering and pointing works.  It is used as a Lime Surkhi mortar for foundations, thick masonry walls, etc., where surkhi is the powder obtained by pounding burnt bricks. Hydraulic Lime Hydraulic lime is the lime that contains small quantities of silica, alumina and iron oxide, which are collectively in the chemical composition with calcium oxide. It is also known as water lime because it can set under water and become hard even in the absence of carbon dioxide.

Based on the percentage of the clay, hydraulic lime is available in different forms such as Feebly hydraulic lime, Moderately hydraulic lime and Eminently hydraulic lime. The increase in clay content makes slaking difficult and increases hydraulic properties. Uses of hydraulic lime:  It resembles cement as it contains 30% of clay and can be used in major civil engineering works.  It can set in thick walls where there is no free-flowing of air.  It forms a thin paste with water. Poor Lime This lime is also known as lean lime or impure lime. As it contains more than 30% of clay, which makes lime to slake slowly. It sets and hardens very slowly compared to other types of limes. It has very poor binding properties and can form a thin paste with water. It is used for inferior types of works because of its inferior quality. Class A: Eminently Hydraulic Lime It is available in hydrated form and can be used for structural works like arches, domes, etc. Class B: Semi-hydraulic Lime It is available as both quick lime and hydrated lime. This mortar is used for masonry works. Class C: Fat Lime

Terminologies in context to lime a) Quick lime: The calcined material, a major part of which is calcium oxide in natural association with a relatively small amount of magnesium oxide and which is capable of slaking with water, is called quick lime. Quick lime (CaO) is a lime obtained after the calculations of Jime stone, It is

capable of slaking with water. Quick Lime is a form of lime is manufactured by the burning of stone

that has calcium carbonate within it. The burning temperature varies, say 900 degree Celsius and above for several hours. This process is called as calcination. The solid product that remain after the removal of carbon dioxide in the calcium carbonate is called as the quicklime. CaCO 3 (Calcium carbonate) --> CaO (Calcium Oxide – Quick Lime) + CO 2 b) Fat lime: The lime which has high calcium oxide content and depends solely on the absorption of carbon dioxide for setting and hardening, is called fat lime. c) Hydraulic lime: Lime containing small quantities of silica and alumina and/or iron oxide which are in chemical combination with some of the calcium oxide content, giving a putty or mortar which has the property of setting and hardening under water, is called hydraulic lime. i.e. When quick lime is sprinkled with water, the fine powder obtained is called hydrated lime. d) Hydrated lime: A dry powder obtained by treating quick lime with enough water to satisfy its chemical affinity for water under the condition of its hydration, is called hydrated lime. e) Lump lime: It is the quick lime as it comes from the kiln in the form of lumps. f) Milk lime:- It is a thin pourable solution of slaked lime with water. g) Slaking: The process of adding water to quick lime to form calcium hydroxide is called slaking. h) Lime putty:- It is prepared by stirring hydrated lime in water so as to get thick creamy consistency and allowing it to stand and mature for a period of about 16 hours in the case of nonhydraulic lime before using. i)Coarse stuff: – When the required quantity of sand is mixed with hydrated lime then mix water & follow the same process as lime putty is called coarse stuff. Tests on lime a) Visual inspection:- Colour & lumps b) Hydraulic acid test:- Carbonate content of lime (10ml of 50% HCI) c) Soundness test:- Quality of lime, Le-chatelier apparatus d) Workability test:- To know the workmanship e) Impurity test: If <10% Good If 10-20% Fair If >20% Poor

f) Ball test:- This test is performed to know the expansion and disintegration of ball of lime after 6 hours. Test of the freshness of lime When the original limestone has a relatively low level of CaCO , and there are other components containing magnesia, silica, and alumina , or if the limestone was poorly burnt os that the lime contained some original limestone, the fineness test is done to remove the non-lime components. In the test, the lime is passed through a fine mess sieve of 0.18 mm and a good quality lime hydrate should not have more than 1% retained on it. The principle behind the test is that hydrated lime is very much finer than the impurities present and can pass through the fine sieve. Properties of Lime for Use in Construction The white powdered slaked lime has a wide range of applications in construction. The properties of lime are:

  1. Cementing capability - This is obtained by their carbonation with carbon dioxide. Lime is used as lime mortar for brick masonry construction.
  2. Have a higher acid resistance - due to its alkaline nature
  3. Gain Pozzolanic activity - this gives cementitious products
  4. Sealing of micro cracks - This is done by the precipitation made by the calcium carbonate when carbon dioxide passes through the lime mortar mix.

Advantages of Lime in Construction

1. Provides building breathing property- the lime was regarded as a material by the

society for protection against the depletion of ancient buildings. This material let the

building to be vapor permeable, thus allowing to breathe. This reduces the chances of

trapped moisture and the damage of the building.

2. Renders Comfortable Environment- Absorbing moisture by the lime, stabilize internal

humidity

3. Ecological Benefits- energy conservation than cement, small scale production of lime

is possible

4. Protection of adjacent materials- Porous texture of lime handle the moisture

movement, without affecting the adjacent materials

5. Provides good workability

6. Durability is high

7. Beautiful finish for the building

8. Self-healing properties- Any movement of the building made of lime, creates micro-

cracks. Presence of moisture make the free lime active to precipitate and heal these

micro cracks