Linguistics and Language Acquisition, Exams of Advanced Education

A wide range of topics related to linguistics and language acquisition, including the origins of affixes, combining words, compound words, phonics approaches, phonological awareness, morphology, syntax, and more. It provides definitions and explanations for numerous key terms and concepts in the field of language and literacy development. The information presented could be useful for students studying topics such as reading instruction, language acquisition, and applied linguistics at the university level. A broad range of foundational knowledge that could serve as a valuable resource for university students, educators, and researchers interested in understanding the fundamental principles and processes underlying language and literacy.

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2023/2024

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CALT Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers
What is the origin and meaning of "ang" - Correct AnswersLatin; bend
What does the Conner's Report help diagnose? - Correct AnswersADD
Synonyms, Antonyms, and Homonyms are _______? - Correct
AnswersMorphemes
Define prosody - Correct AnswersFlow of speech
Define euphony - Correct Answerssound/pleasing sound
Reading nonsense words on a norm-referenced test is used to assess what? -
Correct Answersword attack
What is the origin of the "schwa" or unstressed vowel sound? - Correct
AnswersLatin
What is the origin of the affixing of base words? - Correct AnswersLatin
What is the origin of combining words? - Correct AnswersGreek
What is the origin of compound words? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon
What is the origin of the affixing of roots? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon
Sadly has how phonemes? - Correct Answers5
Sadly has how many syllables? - Correct Answers2
What is the base word of sadly? - Correct AnswersSad
What is the suffix of sadly? - Correct Answers-ly
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CALT Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

What is the origin and meaning of "ang" - Correct AnswersLatin; bend What does the Conner's Report help diagnose? - Correct AnswersADD Synonyms, Antonyms, and Homonyms are _______? - Correct AnswersMorphemes Define prosody - Correct AnswersFlow of speech Define euphony - Correct Answerssound/pleasing sound Reading nonsense words on a norm-referenced test is used to assess what? - Correct Answersword attack What is the origin of the "schwa" or unstressed vowel sound? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of the affixing of base words? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of combining words? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of compound words? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of the affixing of roots? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Sadly has how phonemes? - Correct Answers Sadly has how many syllables? - Correct Answers What is the base word of sadly? - Correct AnswersSad What is the suffix of sadly? - Correct Answers-ly

How many morphemes does sadly have? - Correct Answers What is sadly's word origin? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of vowel pairs? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of chameleon prefixes? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of the consonant cluster ch pronounced (k)? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of Medial Y? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of the consonant pairs gn, kn, & wr? - Correct AnswersAnglo- Saxon What is the origin of roots that end in ct and pt? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of initial consonant clusters rh, pt, pn, & ps? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of common, everyday words? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of the letter c, s, & t pronounced (sh)? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of consonant digraphs ch, sh, th, & wh? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Who coined the term congenital word blindness? - Correct AnswersJames Hinshelwood What are the three languages that have most influenced the English Language? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon/Old English, Latin, & Greek What is the term for not being able to recall names? - Correct Answersdysnomia

What is the term for two adjacent vowels in the same syllable whose sounds blend together with a slide or shift during productivity? - Correct AnswersDiphthong What is the term for two adjacent letters in the same syllable that represent one sound? - Correct AnswersDigraph What is the term for combined sounds represented by letters to pronounce a word? - Correct AnswersBlends What is the term that applies to a letter which may represent more than one sound or to a sound which may be spelled in more than one way? (k, c//ck, k) - Correct AnswersEquivocal What is the term for the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters? - Correct AnswersAlphabetic Principle What is the term for the smallest unit of sound in a syllable? - Correct AnswersPhoneme What is the term for the simplest form of an English word to which affixes may be added? - Correct AnswersBase Word What is the term for the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language? - Correct AnswersPhonology What is the term for the rhythmic flow of oral reading? - Correct AnswersProsody What is the term for the overlapping, changing, or modifying of adjacent speech sounds? Ex: hugged->hissed - Correct AnswersCoarticulation What is the term for the mental activity of receiving, understanding, weighing, ordering, remembering, and examining sounds, especially speech sounds? - Correct AnswersAuditory Processing

What is the term for the meaningful components of language? - Correct AnswersSemantics What is the term for the knowledge that words are made up of individual sounds? Skills included are: syllabication, rhyming, blending sounds into words, isolating beginning - Correct AnswersPhonological Awareness What is the term for the initial stage of spelling in which novice writers understand that a symbol stands for a unit or units of sound and attempts to represent that sound? - Correct AnswersInvented Spelling What is the term for the active part of the memory system w/a distinctly limited time element or retention? - Correct AnswersShort-term Memory What is the term for the accurate and effortless word identification at the single word level? - Correct AnswersAutomaticity What is the term for the ability to retain the visual image of a two dimensional symbol, especially the sequence of symbols in whole words or the sequence of words in phrases? - Correct AnswersVisual Memory What is the term for the ability to retain the shape of a letter through muscle movement and feel the sound as it is made? - Correct AnswersTactile-Kinesthetic Memory What is the term for the ability to listen and remember sounds, words, and sentences in sequence (listening to a song and repeating the words back)? - Correct AnswersAuditory Memory What is the term for the ability to hear likenesses and differences in the sounds of phonemes and words? - Correct AnswersAuditory Discrimination What is the term for the ability to decode single words correctly with the freedom from mistake or error? - Correct AnswersAccuracy What is the term for the study of the characteristics of speech sounds? - Correct AnswersPhonetics

What is the term that is related to seeing? - Correct AnswersVisual What is the term that is related to muscle movement and memory? - Correct AnswersKinesthetic What is the term that is related to hearing? - Correct AnswersAuditory What is the term that is related to reading with rapidity and automaticity? - Correct AnswersFluency What is the term that means putting stress on a word or part of a word by opening your mouth wider, making your voice louder and higher, and holding the sound longer? - Correct AnswersAccent What is the term pertaining to the simultaneous use of multiple senses? - Correct AnswersMultisensory What is the term pertaining to parts that are built to a whole? (Part-whole) - Correct AnswersSynthetic What is the term pertaining to a whole that is broken into constituent parts? - Correct AnswersAnalytic What is the term for partial or complete impairment of the ability to communicate resulting from brain injury? (speech disorder) - Correct AnswersDysphasia Oi, oy, ou, and ow are all what? - Correct AnswersDiphthongs What is the term for a math disability? - Correct AnswersDyscalculia What is the term pertaining to the loss of ability to read because of brain injury? - Correct AnswersAlexia What is the term pertaining to letters or sounds that are beside each other within a word or syllable? - Correct AnswersAdjacent

What is the term pertaining to a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language? It impairs expression, understanding, and reading, etc. - Correct AnswersAphasia What is the term for keeness of vision? - Correct AnswersAcuity What is the term for the instruction that connects sound and letter, application of phonics in an approach to teach reading and spelling, stressing symbol and sound relations? - Correct AnswersPhonics What is the term for information that must be presented in a sequence that builds logically on previously taught materials? - Correct AnswersSequential teaching What is the term for including more than one level or focus of practice? - Correct AnswersHeterogeneous practice What is the term for early term of dyslexia? - Correct AnswersWord blindness What is the term for the disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language (spoken or written)? - Correct AnswersSpecific learning disability What is the term for the difficulty with verbal expression, difficulty with syntax, morphology, and semantics? (used gestures and sign language) - Correct AnswersExpressive language What is the term for difficulty in the ability to attend to process, comprehend, retain, or integrate spoken language? - Correct AnswersReceptive language What is the term for the deficit in phonological awareness and rapid naming? - Correct AnswersDouble deficit What is the term for the conscious choice of and evaluation of the strategies used to accomplish a task? - Correct AnswersMetacognition

What is the term for a unit of speech sound organized around a vowel? - Correct AnswersSyllable What is the term for a syllable with two adjacent vowels in initial, medial, or final position? - Correct AnswersVowel pair syllable What is the term for a syllable that has an r after the vowel? - Correct AnswersVowel-r syllable What is the term for a syllable that ends in one vowel, one consonant, and final e?

  • Correct AnswersVce syllable What is the term for a suffix that begins with a consonant? - Correct AnswersConsonant suffix What is the term for a specific sensory pathway? - Correct AnswersModality What is the term for a practice session with only one focus? - Correct AnswersHomogeneous practice What is the term for a nonphonetic, recurring syllable that is fairly stable in its pronunciation and spelling? - Correct AnswersConsonant -le syllable What is the term for a morpheme which may not stand alone as an independent word as -ing? - Correct AnswersBound morpheme What is the term for a meaningful unit of language? - Correct AnswersMorpheme What is the term for a letter or letters added to the end of a base word to change its form or usage? - Correct AnswersSuffix What is the term for tests that measure sight word reading? - Correct AnswersWoodcock Johnson, Woodcock Reading, WIAT Which language only accounts for 10% of our language? - Correct AnswersFrench

Who came up with congenital word blindness? - Correct AnswersDr. W. P. Morgan Which of Chall's stages is college and beyond; reading is for one's own needs and purpose; synthesize new knowledge? - Correct AnswersChall's Stage 5 Which of Chall's stages is increased fluency, simple stories, making meaning out of text, grade 2-3, ages 7 to 8? - Correct AnswersChall's Stage 2 What is the term for words that have different meanings but are spelled the same; pronunciation made be the same or different- wind/wind - Correct AnswersHomographs What is the name of the test that measures sight word reading? - Correct AnswersTOWRE (ch) and (j) are examples of? - Correct AnswersAffricate Who created alphabetic phonics? - Correct AnswersAylett Cox What is the term for a letter or letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning? (for euphony, the final consonant may be dropped or changed to match) - Correct AnswersPrefix What is the term for a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound? - Correct AnswersGrapheme What is the language written in symbols or letters, each which singly or in combination stands for a speech sound? - Correct AnswersAlphabet language What is the term for a diacritical marking for long vowel? - Correct AnswersMacron What is the term for a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed? - Correct AnswersConsonants Who coined the phrase "Word Blindness?" - Correct AnswersAdolf Kussmaul

When you teach a long vowel sound by first teaching a short vowel then moving to long vowel, how is this taught? - Correct AnswersDiscovery Method When students need help with long vowel sounds, what should you do? - Correct AnswersRead words containing particular long vowel sounds to gain speed and automaticity. What year was IDEA established? - Correct Answers What type of test is based on the material just taught? - Correct AnswersCurriculum based test What syllable do you find the schwa sound? - Correct AnswersUnaccented vowel What sound does "c" make before the letters of e, i, or y? - Correct Answers(s) What revisions were made to IDEA in 1992? - Correct AnswersClarification on assistive technology and supplemental aides What is the origin of the word "Lexia?" - Correct AnswersGreek What is the best way to teach going from short vowel sounds to long vowel sounds? - Correct AnswersTake off the final consonant What are the four components of language? - Correct Answersall of the answers What is phonology? - Correct AnswersSound units What are semantics? - Correct AnswersMeaning of words and sentences What is syntax? - Correct AnswersThe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. What are pragmatics? - Correct Answersthe appropriate use of language in different contexts

What is another name for Preparation or writing on the board or table top? - Correct AnswersChalk Talk What is IDEA? - Correct AnswersIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act The amended law of IDEA forms what? - Correct Answersthe basis for Special Education in all 50 states Dyslexia is an example of a foundation of what? - Correct AnswersIDEA To maintain certification, what must a therapist have? - Correct Answers clinical hours a year The presence of fluid in the middle ear which can result in hearing loss or speech- language difficulties is called what? - Correct AnswersAcute Otis Media The Norman Conquest (Battle of Hastings) caused the French influence on the English language in what time period? - Correct Answers Socratic Method of asking questions to lead students to discover new information is called what? - Correct AnswersDiscovery This results in students being able to understand and connect the new info- what is it called? - Correct AnswersDiscovery Is "gymnasium" Latin, Greek, French, or Anglo-Saxon? - Correct AnswersGreek In the word PERMIT, what affect does changing the accent have? - Correct AnswersChanges the meaning How does a teacher in a rural area charge? - Correct AnswersSliding scale- based on the ability of the person to pay In 1900, a Scottish ophthalmologist reported 2 cases of "word blindness." Who was this doctor? - Correct AnswersJames Hinshelwood

Which of Chall's stages is this? Pre-reading "pseudo reading"- oral language development. Child "pretends" to read, retells story when looking at pages of book previously read to him/her, names of alphabet; recognizes some signs; prints own name; plays with books; pencils and paper - Correct AnswersDr. Chall's stage 0 Beginning in the 1400's, what was the movement of vowels to the back and top of the mouth called? - Correct AnswersThe Great Vowel Shift (Time of Chaucer) According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), which of the following represents the strongest indication of a reading disability? - Correct AnswersA deficit in phonology What is the origin of these words: hydro, hydrogen, hydrant? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of these words: scent, scene= "sc" = (s)? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of these words: telephone, telegraph= tele? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of short words with "th"? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of these words ending in -ic: charasmatic, music, chronic? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of these words with 'ch' = (ch): chair, chin? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of these chameloen prefixes im, ir, in: illegal, impossible? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of these words with k in longer words: kilometer, kinesthetic? - Correct AnswersGreek

What is the origin of these words with ti, si, and ci =(sh): station, facial? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of wild, old, kind words? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of words with silent h: hour, herb? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of photo: photography, photosynthesis? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of soft c before e or i: certain, city? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of silent initial p: pneumonia, psychology? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of basic color words? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of tu= (choo): eventual, fortunate? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of the terms for outer body parts? - Correct AnswersAnglo- Saxon What is the origin of connective o: democrat, photograph? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of bio= biology, biosphere? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of "wh", "ng", "wr"? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of words with "ssion": mission, expression, usually with a short vowel? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of ending -ology: biology, geology? - Correct AnswersGreek What is the origin of "Floss" words? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of "ture" = (cher): adventure, nature? - Correct AnswersLatin

What is the origin of short words with silent letters: knot, doubt? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Which is not one of the three periods that influenced the English language? - Correct AnswersIrish Who developed in 1985 the Phonological Awareness Development Hierarchy: words in sentences, syllables in words. - Correct AnswersIsabell Lieberman What is the origin of usually one-syllable words, common in everyday speech and primary grades? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of words that often involve Science, medical, school (social studies) textbooks, or arts? - Correct AnswersGreek Who is the person that stated in the Journal of Learning Disabilities, "individuals with dyslexia are distinguished by their phonologically based decoding disability..." - Correct AnswersLouisa Motes What is the origin of common words in technical, sophisticated words in literature and upper grades? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of most vowel teams: oa, oi, etc? - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon What is the origin of usually multiple syllables? - Correct AnswersLatin What is the origin of y = (long i sound): cyclone, gym, type - Correct AnswersGreek Who is the person credited in 1920 had children trace letters, naming sound while writing= VAK? - Correct AnswersGrace Fernald When do you drop the final e? - Correct AnswersWhen a baseword ends in a silent e after one or more consonants, drop the e before adding a vowel suffix. Which program was published by Educators Publishing service that is a comprehensive program including specific directions for instruction, practice materials, and criterion reference posttests? - Correct AnswersMTA

Who is the person that coined the term "strephosymbolia" in 1925 to replace "word blindness"? - Correct AnswersSamuel Orton What is IEP? - Correct AnswersIndividualized Education Plan Who is the diagnostician in 1933 that trained Beth Slingerland, a teacher that wrote the Slingerland Method? - Correct AnswersAnna Gillingham What did the amendment in 1997 to section 504 of the IDEA do? - Correct AnswersProvided for educational placement for juvenile delinquents What is analytic teaching? - Correct AnswersWhole to part What is an example of analytic teaching? - Correct AnswersWord association like rhyme- mat, cat, fat= student can read bat What is criterion referenced test? - Correct AnswersMeasures a student's performance based on mastery of a specific set of skills What is an example of criterion referenced test? - Correct AnswersAll of the answers are correct What is the origin and meaning of astro? - Correct AnswersGreek- Star What is the origin and meaning of bio? - Correct AnswersGreek- life What is the origin and meaning of cogn? - Correct AnswersLatin- know What is the origin and meaning of duc, duce, duct? - Correct AnswersLatin- lead What is the origin and meaning of geo? - Correct AnswersGreek- earth What is the origin and meaning of man, manu? - Correct AnswersLatin- hand What is the origin and meaning of rupt? - Correct AnswersLatin- break