Linux Command Reference
File Commands
ls – directory listing
ls -al – formatted listing with hidden fles
cd dir - change directory to dir
cd – change to home
pwd – show current directory
mkdir dir – create a directory dir
rm file – delete fle
rm -r dir – delete directory dir
rm -f file – force remove fle
rm -rf dir – force remove directory dir *
cp file1 file2 – copy fle1 to fle2
cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it
doesn't exist
mv file1 file2 – rename or move fle1 to fle2
if fle2 is an existing directory, moves fle1 into
directory fle2
ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to fle
touch file – create or update fle
cat > file – places standard input into fle
more file – output the contents of fle
head file – output the frst 10 lines of fle
tail file – output the last 10 lines of fle
tail -f file – output the contents of fle as it
grows, starting with the last 10 lines
Process Management
ps – display your currently active processes
top – display all running processes
kill pid – kill process id pid
killall proc – kill all processes named proc *
bg – lists stopped or background jobs; resume a
stopped job in the background
fg – brings the most recent job to foreground
fg n – brings job n to the foreground
File Permissions
chmod octal file – change the permissions of fle
to octal, which can be found separately for user,
group, and world by adding:
●4 – read (r)
●2 – write (w)
●1 – execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all
chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world
For more options, see man chmod.
SSH
ssh user@host – connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host – connect to host on port
port as user
ssh-copy-id user@host – add your key to host for
user to enable a keyed or passwordless login
Searching
grep pattern files – search for pattern in fles
grep -r pattern dir – search recursively for
pattern in dir
command | grep pattern – search for pattern in the
output of command
locate file – fnd all instances of fle
System Info
date – show the current date and time
cal – show this month's calendar
uptime – show current uptime
w – display who is online
whoami – who you are logged in as
finger user – display information about user
uname -a – show kernel information
cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information
cat /proc/meminfo – memory information
man command – show the manual for command
df – show disk usage
du – show directory space usage
free – show memory and swap usage
whereis app – show possible locations of app
which app – show which app will be run by default
Compression
tar cf file.tar files – create a tar named
fle.tar containing fles
tar xf file.tar – extract the fles from fle.tar
tar czf file.tar.gz files – create a tar with
Gzip compression
tar xzf file.tar.gz – extract a tar using Gzip
tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – create a tar with Bzip2
compression
tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – extract a tar using Bzip2
gzip file – compresses fle and renames it to
fle.gz
gzip -d file.gz – decompresses fle.gz back to
fle
Network
ping host – ping host and output results
whois domain – get whois information for domain
dig domain – get DNS information for domain
dig -x host – reverse lookup host
wget file – download fle
wget -c file – continue a stopped download
Installation
Install from source:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a package (Debian)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a package (RPM)
Shortcuts
Ctrl+C – halts the current command
Ctrl+Z – stops the current command, resume with
fg in the foreground or bg in the background
Ctrl+D – log out of current session, similar to exit
Ctrl+W – erases one word in the current line
Ctrl+U – erases the whole line
Ctrl+R – type to bring up a recent command
!! - repeats the last command
exit – log out of current session
* use with extreme caution.
