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Experiment No. 1
Student Name: Divyanshi UID: 19BCA Branch: BCA Section/Group: C/ Semester: 4th^ Date of Performance: 21-02- Subject Name: Linux Programming Subject Code: CAP-
1. Aim/Overview of the practical: 1. (a) What is the basic difference between BASH and DOS? (b) Is there any difference between UNIX and LINUX? (c) Elaborate the functions of kernel along with the types of kernel. (d) What are the advantages of an open-source? 2. Suppose recently your company switched their operating systems from Microsoft to Linux. Now you have all documents in MS word, what you will do to save all of that work in Linux operating system? 3. Perform installation of Linux in dual boot. Explain the detailed steps along with screenshots. **2. Task to be done:
- Concept used:
- Steps/Commands involved to perform practical:**
1. A). The major difference between the BASH and DOS console lies in these 3
areas: BASH commands are case sensitive while DOS commands are not. In BASH, / character is a directory separator and \ acts as an escape character while in DOS, / serves as a command argument delimiter and \ is the directory separator DOS follows a convention in naming files, which is 8-character file name followed by a dot and 3 character for the extension. BASH follows no such convention.
B).
Sr. No. Key Linux Unix 1 Developmen t Linux is open source and is developed by Linux community of developers. Unix was developed by AT&T Bell labs and is not open source. 2 Cost Linux is free to use. Unix is licensed OS. 3 Supported File systems Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS. fs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs. 4 GUI Linux uses KDE and Gnome. Other GUI supported are LXDE, Xfce, Unity, Mate. Unix was initially a command-based OS. Most of the Unix distributions now have Gnome. 5 Usage Linux is used in wide varieties from desktop, servers, smartphones to mainframes. Unix is mostly used on servers, workstations or PCs. 6 Default Shell Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is default shell for Linux. Bourne Shell is default shell for Unix. 7 Target processor Linux was initially developed for Intel's x86 hardware processors. Now it supports 20+ processor families. CUnix supports PA-RISC and Itanium family. 8 Example Ubuntu, Debian GNU, Arch Linux, etc. SunOS, Solaris, SCO UNIX, AIX, HP/UX, ULTRIX etc. C ). Kernel is central component of an operating system that manages operations of computer and hardware. It basically manages operations of memory and CPU time. It is core component of an operating system. Kernel acts as a bridge between applications and data processing performed at hardware level using inter-process communication and system calls.
Lesser hardware costs
Since Linux and open-source solutions are easily portable and
compressed, it takes lesser hardware power to carry out the same tasks
when compared to the hardware power it takes on servers, such as,
Solaris, Windows or workstations. With this less hardware power
advantage, you can even use cheaper or older hardware and still get the
desired results.
High-quality software
Open-source software is mostly high-quality software. When you use the
open-source software, the source code is available. Most open-source
software is well-designed. Open-source software can also be efficiently
used in coding. These reasons make open-source software an ideal
choice for organizations.
No vendor lock-in
IT managers in organizations face constant frustration when dealing
with vendor lock-ins'. Lack of portability, expensive license fees and
inability to customize software are some of the other disadvantages.
Using open-source software gives you more freedom and you can
effectively address all these disadvantages.
Integrated management
By using open-source software, you can benefit from integrated
management. Open-source software uses technologies, such as, common
information model (CIM) and web-based enterprise management
(WBEM). These high-end technologies enable you to integrate and
combine server, application, service and workstation management. This
integration would result in efficient administration.
Simple license management
When you use open-source software, you would no longer need to worry
about licenses. Open-source software enables you to install it several
times and also use it from any location. You will be free from
monitoring, tracking or counting license compliance.
Lower software costs
Using open-source software can help you minimize your expenses. You
can save on licensing fees and maintenance fees. The only expenses that
you would encounter would be expenditure for documentation, media
and support.
Abundant support
You will get ample support when you use open-source software. Open-
source support is mostly freely available and can be easily accessed
through online communities. There are also many software companies
that provide free online help and also varied levels of paid support. Most
organization who creates open-source software solutions also provide
maintenance and support.
Scaling and consolidating
Linux and open-source software can be easily scaled. With varied
options for clustering, load balancing and open-source applications, such
as email and database, you can enable your organization to either scale
up and achieve higher growth or consolidate and achieve more with less.
2. In order to create, edit or open an MS Word file we need to have a
software to open the file. In Centos Linux operating system can use
LibreOffice Writer or AbiWord. Both are robust word processing
applications that read and write files in Word .doc and .docx formats.
We can use command line tool like Antiword (.doc files) and docx2txt
(.docx) that extract the text from Word files.
Installing LibreOffice:
LibreOffice can be installed using your package manager. To install it,
open a terminal and use the following command appropriate for your
operating system:
sudo yum update && sudo yum install libreoffice
Creating Bootable CentOS USB Drive
With all the requirements in place, it’s time now to create the USB drive bootable by downloading a copy of Rufus utility. Once the download is done, double click on the installer and the Window below will be shown. Be sure to select your USB drive and the CentOS 7 ISO image.
Rufus Create Bootable USB With everything in place, press the ‘ START ‘button to start copying the installation files onto the USB drive. When the process is done, remove the USB drive and connect it into a PC and reboot. Ensure to set the correct boot order in the BIOS settings so that the system first boots from the USB drive. Save the changes and allow the system to boot. Creating a Partition for Installing CentOS 7 on Windows 10 To successfully install CentOS 7 (or any other Linux OS ), you need to set aside a free partition in one of your drives. Press the Windows button + R to open the Run dialogue box and type. diskmgmt.msc Open Windows Disk Management Click OK or hit ‘ ENTER ‘to open the disk management Window. As discussed earlier, you need to create a sizable free partition for your CentOS 7 installation from one of the Windows volumes. To create a free partition, we need to shrink one of the volumes. In this guide, we will shrink volume H as shown below.
Set Shrink Volume Space After a few seconds, the Free space will be created as shown below. Free Partition for CentOS 7 Installation You can now close the Window. Plug the bootable USB drive into your PC or insert the DVD media into the DVD ROM and reboot. Be sure to set your PC to boot from your installation media from the BIOS options and save the changes. Installing CentOS 7 Alongside Windows 10 Dual Boot Upon rebooting, the first screen presents you with a list of choices to choose from. Select the first option “ Install CentOS 7 ” to begin the installation process.
Select Install CentOS 7
Select the Language
In the next step, select your preferred language and hit the ‘ Continue ‘button.
Set Date and Time This brings you back to the previous page.
Configure Language Support
Next, click on the ‘ LANGUAGE SUPPORT ‘option to configure your language settings. Select Language Support Select your preferred language and as before, hit the ‘ DONE ‘button to save the settings.
Select Preferred Language Configure Keyboard Next online is the keyboard configuration. Click on the keyboard option. Select Keyboard You can test the keyboard configuration and when you are satisfied with the output’s, click on the ‘ DONE ‘button as before. Select Keyboard Layout
Configure Software Selection
This is the step where you will select your preferred system installation software. CentOS offers a myriad of Desktop and Server installation environments to choose from. Software Selection For production environments, the minimal install is preferred since it’s lightweight and lack a graphical user environment which gobbles up significant memory and CPU resources. You may also choose to include other add-ons on the right pane. Once satisfied with your choices, Hit the ‘ Done ‘button to save the changes. Select Minimal Install
Configure Partitioning
This is the part where you configure your hard disk, Click on ‘ INSTALLATION DESTINATION ‘option. Select Install Destination As you can see, we have our free partition which we shrunk to about 40GB. Click on it to select it and click on automatic partitioning. Automatic Configure Partitioning With automatic partitioning , the system automatically partitions the hard drive into the three main partitions as follows: The /(root) The /home
Btrfs Select Create Partitions Automatically Click on LVM and click on ‘ Click here to create them automatically ’ option to make your work easier. If you are still not satisfied with the results, you can use the add , remove or reload the partition scheme to start all over again using the three buttons shown below. Add or Remove Partitions To add a new mount point, click the on plus [+] button. A pop up will appear prompting you to select the mount point type and specify the memory capacity.
Create New Partition To remove a mount point, click on the mount point first and then hit the minus [-] button. To start over all again click on the Reload button. The display below will be displayed. Click on ‘ Rescan Disks ‘and click OK to start over again with partitioning the disk. Rescan Disks Once done, hit ‘ Done ‘to save the changes. Next, accept the summary of the changes by clicking on the ‘ Accept Changes ‘button.
