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Livestock Breeding and Genetics Final Exam Questions and Answers (Latest 2026)., Exams of Nursing

Canadian University CollegeNursing

Livestock Breeding and Genetics Final Exam Questions and Answers (Latest 2026).

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 04/29/2026

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Livestock Breeding and Genetics Final
Exam Questions and Answers (Latest
2026)
1. Indicate the type of dominance and the dominant allele for
each of the loci below:
AA = 20, Aa = 7, aa = 5
BB = 7, Bb=2, bb = 2
DD = 25, Dd=28, dd = 15
EE = 10, Ee = 5, ee = 0 - Correct Answers ✅Partial
Dominance, a
Complete Dominance, b
Over Dominance, D
No Dominance, None
2. Define complete dominance, partial dominance, no
dominance, and overdominance. You may use examples to
help explain your definition, but an example is not sufficient
by itself as an answer. - Correct Answers ✅Complete
Dominance - masks expression of the other allele. If an
animal has at least one of the dominant alleles, it will show
that trait. i.e. HH = 5 foot, hh = 4 foot, Hh = 5 foot
Partial Dominance - one allele partially masks the other but
not completely. If an animal has one of the dominant alleles,
it will show a trait that is above the average of the
homozygous animals but under the homozyogus dominant
animal. i.e. hh=100 lbs, HH = 120 lbs, Hh = 117 lbs
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Download Livestock Breeding and Genetics Final Exam Questions and Answers (Latest 2026). and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

  1. Indicate the type of dominance and the dominant allele for each of the loci below: AA = 20, Aa = 7, aa = 5 BB = 7, Bb=2, bb = 2 DD = 25, Dd=28, dd = 15 EE = 10, Ee = 5, ee = 0 - Correct Answers ✅Partial Dominance, a Complete Dominance, b Over Dominance, D No Dominance, None
  2. Define complete dominance, partial dominance, no dominance, and overdominance. You may use examples to help explain your definition, but an example is not sufficient by itself as an answer. - Correct Answers ✅Complete Dominance - masks expression of the other allele. If an animal has at least one of the dominant alleles, it will show that trait. i.e. HH = 5 foot, hh = 4 foot, Hh = 5 foot Partial Dominance - one allele partially masks the other but not completely. If an animal has one of the dominant alleles, it will show a trait that is above the average of the homozygous animals but under the homozyogus dominant animal. i.e. hh=100 lbs, HH = 120 lbs, Hh = 117 lbs

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

No dominance (Codominance) - neither allele is dominant in heterozygotes - will be average of teh two homozygotes. i.e RR = red, Rr = roan, rr = white Over dominance - a heterozygous individual performs better than both homozygous individuals (parents) i.e. hh = 100 lbs, HH =120 lbs, Hh = 140 lbs

  1. Contrast the terms "dominance" and "epistasis" - Correct Answers ✅Dominance is the interaction of alleles at a common loci Epistatis is the interaction of alleles at different loci
  2. Define chromosome, allele, locus, and gene. - Correct Answers ✅Chromosome - strands of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell Allele - alternative form of a gene at a locus Locus - location at which a gene exits on a chromosome Gene - the basic unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein
  3. Define Mendel's two laws. - Correct Answers ✅Law of Segregation - the separation of paired genes during germ cell

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

  1. The double strands of a DNA helix bind in a ( parallel , antiparallel ) direction. - Correct Answers ✅Antiparallel
  2. Explain how DNA is replicated. Include in your answer the roles played by the helicase, single-stranded binding proteins, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase, and DNA ligase. - Correct Answers ✅1. DNA Helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix DNA
  3. Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBPs) bind along length of each single strand to prevent the two strands from binding and reforming the double helix
  4. RNA primase synthesizes RNA primers (20ish nucleotides) to act as a starting spot for DNA polymerase III
  5. DNA polymerase III binds to the RNA primer and replicates the DNA in a 5' to 3' direction. It adds complementary DNA nucleotides and creates phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides.
  6. DNA polymberase I replaces the RNA with DNA
  7. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand.
  8. The strands (1 new and 1 old) recoil into a double helix
  9. Explain how DNA is transcribed into RNA. Include in your answer the roles played by the RNA polymerase II. - Correct Answers ✅Initiation

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

  1. A transcription factor recruits RNA polymerase II to the promoter sequence.
  2. RNA polymerase binds to the double helix at the promoter sequence. Elongation
  3. RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA molecule and unwinds the double helix. This enzyme also synthesizes a strand of mRNA (single stranded nucleotide sequence made up of A, U, C, and G).
  4. RNA releases from the DNA as it is made and the double helix DNA reforms Termination
  5. Transcription stops when RNA polymerase II runs into a hairpin loop and is knocked off the DNA strand. RNA is then processed before translation.
  6. What is the difference between an exon and an intron? - Correct Answers ✅Exon - both transcribed and translated Intron - only transcribed

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

  1. The amino acid chain continues to form through this process until the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) that causes the ribosome to fall off of the mRNA.
  2. The amino acid is released and folds into a protein configuration.
  3. Consider the following mRNA in livestock. 5' G C A U C A U G C A U U A C C C A A A U U A U U U A G A U U A A C A A A A 3' Translate this mRNA (the genetic code will be provided to you on the exam). - Correct Answers ✅Methionine - Histidine - Tyrine - Proline - Asparagine - Tyrine - Leucine - Aspartic
  4. What is the function of a transcription factor? - Correct Answers ✅A transcription factor helps regulate gene expression by regulating what DNA is made into RNA. Transcription factors INCREASE gene expression as they bring the RNA polymerase II closer to the promoter They bind to the promoter, the enhancer, and RNA Polymerase II
  5. Why are transcription factors necessary in cells? - Correct Answers ✅If we did not have transcription factors,

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

our cells would not know what genes should or should not be transcribed. RNA Polymerase II alone is not sufficient for initiation of transcription.

  1. In horses, the B allele results in brown coat color, and the b allele results in white coat color. The 2 alleles exhibit no dominance and the heterozygous (Bb) individuals have palomino (blonde) coat color. A herd of horses is in Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium for these coat color alleles. The frequency of the Ballele is 0.7 and the frequency of the b allele is 0.3. A. What are the expected numbers of foals of each color among 100 foals born in the current season? Brown __________________ Palomino ________________ White ___________________ B. If all the white foals are sold, what are the frequencies of the brown (B) and white (b) alleles in the remaining foals? p = frequency of the brown (B) allele __________ q = frequency of the white (b) allele ___________ - Correct Answers ✅Brown: 49

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

  1. What are the five forces that can change genotypic frequencies in a population? Of these five forces, which force cannot also change allele frequencies? - Correct Answers ✅Genotypic: Mutation, Migration, Selection, Random Drift, and Non-Random Mating Allele: Mutation, Migration, Selection, and Random Drift
  2. Provide an example of how each of the five forces that can change genotype frequencies works in a population. - Correct Answers ✅Mutation: had a herd of all horned cattle but a polled calf was born OR there was an error in DNA replication such that an Adenine was placed in a spot where Cytosine should have been placed Migration: purchase or sell animals Selection: only use bulls with EPD over 30 for weaning weight OR Keep top 30% of dams OR tandem selection OR Independent Culling Levels Random Drift: Closed herd with no selection practices yet allele + genotypic frequencies are changing over time OR Mendelian Sampling

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

Non-Random Mating: Assortative mating, linebreeding, inbreeding, or crossbreeding

  1. What is measured by a standard deviation? - Correct Answers ✅The average deviation of an individual from the mean 68% of our population is within one standard deviation of the mean
  2. Compare and contrast correlation coefficients of + 0.89,
  • 0.02, and - 0.91. Focus on comparing and contrasting direction and strength of the correlation coefficients. - Correct Answers ✅The closer to 0, the weaker the correlation will be. The closer to +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation will be. +0.02 is a weak correlation while both +0.89 and -0.91 are strong correlations. This means that the traits are strongly correlated to one another. +0.89 and +0.02 are both positive correlations where if one trait increases, we expect an increase in the other trait while -0. is a negative correlation where if one trait increases, we expect a decrease in the other trait.
  1. Draw a graph of a regression we have used in this class below. Include labels for the axes. For the regression graph you have chosen, complete the following sentence: "For my regression graph, ______________________ is being used to

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

  1. Why is selection for a simply-inherited trait often easier than selection for a polygenic trait? - Correct Answers ✅Simply-inherited traits are only influenced by one or a few genes while polygenic traits are controlled by hundreds of genes. The environment plays little effect on the expression of simply-inherited traits while polygenic traits are greatly influenced by the environment
  2. A dam with EPD = + 40 is mated with a sire whose EPD is
    1. Assuming this is the only available information: A. What is the EBV (not EPD) of an individual offspring of this mating? B. What is the average EBV of all offspring of this mating? C. Do all offspring have the same EBV? Explain. D. Do all offspring of this mating have the same True Breeding Value? Explain. - Correct Answers ✅A: EPD = 1/ (40+80) = 60 EPD = 1/2 BV = 60 X 2 EBV = + B. EBV = +120 as the only information we have is sire and dam EPDs

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

C. Yes because the only information we have is the genetic info of the sire and dam D. No because of the randomness of genetic inheritance

  1. How is it possible for the true breeding value of an offspring to be greater than the average of the true breeding values of its parents? - Correct Answers ✅Mendelian Sampling
  2. The basic genetic model for quantitative traits is P = μ + G + E. Expand this model by replacing G with its components and E with its components for a trait in which an individual has repeated records. Give a brief definition of each term in the expanded model. - Correct Answers ✅P = u + BV + GCV
  • Ep + Et Breeding Value (BV) - sum of independent, additive effects of alleles on a trait OR genetic value of an animal as a parent Gene Combination Value (GCV) - sum of dominance and epistatic effects on a trait Permanent Environmental Effect (Ep)

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

B. G = BV +GCV

G = 2-3 = -1 piglet C. PA = BV + GCV + Ep PA = 2-3-1 = -2 piglets D. PD/TA = 1/2 X BV PD/TA = 1/2 X 2 = +1 piglet E. E = Ep + Et E = -1 + 4 = + 3 piglets

  1. Provide an example of a repeated trait. Why is the trait you chose a good example of a repeated trait? - Correct Answers ✅Milk Yield The definition of a repeated trait is that it is a trait that can be collected multiple times in one animal. Milk yield fits this definition as it is collected multiple times on one animal.
  2. What is the mathematical relationship between an animal's BV and its PD (progeny difference) or TA

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

(transmitting ability)? - Correct Answers ✅PD = 1/2 BV or TA = 1/2 BV PD/TA is half of BV

  1. Using your best grammar and careful wording, write a definition of heritability that is meaningful to you. It is not required that you use statistical terms, although you may if you like. - Correct Answers ✅Percent phenotypic variation explained by genetic differences in a population
  2. Why is heritability important? For example, I am interested in improving a survivability trait (h2 ~ low) and percent intramuscular fat (h2 ~ high). Assuming I only have own performance records for these traits, which trait is most likely to change faster in response to selection and why? - Correct Answers ✅Heritabilities allow us to calculate Breeding Values During phenotypic selection, knowing which traits are heritable will allow you to predict breeding values and decide which traits are important to look at or to focus on
  3. Provide 3 ways you can increase trait heritability. Why would you want to do this? - Correct Answers ✅1. Treat animals uniformly

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

Selection Intensity - how "choosy" you are when selecting animals Genetic Variation - standard deviation of BV in herd/population Generation Interval - average age of parents in the herd

  1. Why do we calculate EPDs (or PTAs)? - Correct Answers ✅Allows us to increase the accuracy of selection
  2. What does it mean when we say that EBV is an "unbiased" estimate of true breeding value? - Correct Answers ✅You have an equal likelihood of an animal's EBV increasing or decreasing as you add more performance data
  3. A commercial cow-calf producer wishes to calculate within-herd weaning weight EPDs for 2 of his or her herd bulls. The senior herd sire "Sure Thing" has sired four calf crops, and his 80 progeny average 10 pounds heavier than their contemporary group mates. He also purchased a yearling bull "Long Shot" with no progeny, but who (himself) weighed 40 pounds heavier than his contemporary group average. Assume heritability of weaning weight is 0.30.

Exam Questions and Answers (Latest

A. Calculate weaning weight EPD and accuracy for "Sure Thing". B. Calculate weaning weight EPD and accuracy for "Long Shot". C. Which sire would you expect to sire the heaviest calves in the future? Why? - Correct Answers ✅A. EPD = 8.65 lbs B. EPD = 6 lbs C. Sure Thing because he has the largest EPD for weaning weight

  1. What does accuracy of an EBV (or EPD) measure? How should we use accuracies when making selection decisions? - Correct Answers ✅The accuracy is the correlation between true and estimated breeding values The measure of selection risk They help us look at the selection risk we are willing to take.
  2. The EPDs for yearling weight for 2 bulls are 115 lbs. for Trendsetter and 75 lbs. for Desperado.