Download Lizard: Evolution, Design and Foraging Behavior | BIOL 452 and more Study notes Zoology in PDF only on Docsity!
Lizards: Evolution, Design & Foraging BehaviorLizards: Evolution, Design & Foraging Behavior
AmphisbaenaAmphisbaena : worm lizard: worm lizard
OphisaurusOphisaurus : glass lizard: glass lizard
http://www.tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=3EC4D08889F8CE247FA7EE21B162E34C?page=ImageGallery&service=external&sp=l14917&sp=
Black legless Skink (Australia)Black legless Skink (Australia)
Baja worm lizardBaja worm lizard
((Bipes biporusBipes biporus),),
anotheranother
amphisbaenianamphisbaenian
LectureLecture 6 for Exam 26 for Exam 2
Summer 2008Summer 2008
Biol. 452Biol. 452 – – VertebrateVertebrate ZoolZool..
Karen PetersenKaren Petersen
Clade Lepidosauria:
Clade Lepidosauria:
tuatara, lizards & snakestuatara, lizards & snakes
TuataraTuatara
Desert IguanaDesert Iguana
California MountainCalifornia Mountain
Kingsnake Kingsnake
Clade Lepidosauria: shared, derived traitsClade Lepidosauria: shared, derived traits
EpiphysisEpiphysis
DiaphysisDiaphysis
Cartilaginous growth plate
Oldest lizard fossils are from upper JurassicOldest lizard fossils are from upper Jurassic
SE Evans & Y Wang. 2006. A juvenile lizard specimen with well-preserved skin impressions from the Upper
Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Naturwissenschaften 94(6):431-439.
Other taxa from same geological site identified so far:
insects, salamanders, anuran tadpole, feathered
theropods, pterosaurs, & an early mammal.
JacobsonJacobson’’ss
(vomeronasal)(vomeronasal)
organorgan
Clade
Clade Squamata: Shared, derived traits
Squamata: Shared, derived traits
Taxa: lizards, snakesTaxa: lizards, snakes
Hemipenis
Hemipenis
Early
Early Diapsid
Diapsid Tuatara
Tuatara
Lizard TailLizard Tail AutotomyAutotomy
Why do it?
Why do it?
Fracture planesFracture planes in the center of each tail vertebra.in the center of each tail vertebra.
Vertebral Boundaries
Vertebral Boundaries
IguaniaIguania Clade:Clade: CrotaphytidaeCrotaphytidae
Juvenile Juvenile
Gravid Long-nosed Leopard LizardGravid Long-nosed Leopard Lizard
AdultAdult
Collared Collared
LizardLizard
http://www.biology.uc.edu/faculty/jayne/videos.htm
Locomotion
IguaniaIguania::
ChameleonidaeChameleonidae
Sit & wait,Sit & wait,
Arboreal predatorArboreal predator
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/index.html Babies!
Chameleon in ActionChameleon in Action
Tongue pad uses suction to grip prey. Tongue pad uses suction to grip prey.
http://webh01.ua.ac.be/funmorph/anthony/chameleon.html
Lp
Lp = lingual or
= lingual or entoglossal
entoglossal process is
process is
very long in chameleons
very long in chameleons
Meyers, J.J. & K.C. Nishikawa. 2000.
de Groot & van Leeuwen. 2004.
ChameleonChameleon’’s Projectile Tongues Projectile Tongue
typical
typical ”
HyobranchialHyobranchial ApparatusApparatus
Cross section of lower jaw,Cross section of lower jaw, entoglossalentoglossal processprocess
((epep), accelerator muscle (a) &), accelerator muscle (a) & collagenouscollagenous fibersfibers
Accelerator (protractor) ms.,
Retractor complex (glossohyal)
When the hingedWhen the hinged
quadratequadrate rotatesrotates
posteriorly, the posteriorly, the
rostrum drops & therostrum drops & the
upper jaw is parallel
upper jaw is parallel
with the lower jaw.with the lower jaw.
Scleroglossa
Scleroglossa
Clade
Clade
Cranial Kinesis Cranial Kinesis
ScleroglossaScleroglossa Clade:Clade:
Geckonidae
Geckonidae
(Geckos)
(Geckos)
CladeClade AutarchoglossaAutarchoglossa:: ScincidaeScincidae (Skinks)(Skinks)
InsectivoresInsectivores
Active forager:
Active forager:
Searches constantlySearches constantly
Chemosensory hunter:Chemosensory hunter:
Predation risk:
Predation risk:
Clutch mass relative to body size:Clutch mass relative to body size:
May guard eggs or have live birth. May urinate onMay guard eggs or have live birth. May urinate on
eggs
eggs to add moisture.
to add moisture.
Juvenile Juvenile
Review QuestionsReview Questions
- List the shared, derived traits that unite the Tuatara & snakes & lizards into the Lepidosauria? Describe
the shared, derived traits that unite snakes & lizards into the Order Squamata. Compare the location of
the opening into the vomeronasal organ of lizards & snakes with what you saw in the Amphibians (eg.
salamanders) - how do they differ? Describe how lizard tails are designed for “autotomy”. What are the
costs & benefits associated with tail autotomy?
- Compare the Iguania & Scleroglossa clades, as defined by Pianka & of lizards for each of these topics:
supercontinent of origin during the Mesozoic, feeding behavior including: relative degree of activity or
movement, relative endurance, tracking prey primarily by visual or chemical stimuli, relative predation
risk and method for finding or attracting mates (visual stimuli or pheromonal). List at least 2 families
that are members of each clade. See Pough pg. 328-329 & 358 (ignore intermediate group in Pough
on pg. 358).
- Describe & compare lingual (tongue) prehension vs. jaw prehension as used by typical lizards. What
method is used by the Iguania clade and Scleroglossa clade? Describe the differences in tongue
design, skull & tooth differences that are associated with these differing methods of capturing prey.
- Describe two of the unique adaptations for reproduction, defense or diet as discussed for the horned
lizards in the family Phrynosomatidae.
Review Questions (part 2)
Review Questions (part 2)
- Describe the specialized projectile “catapult” tongue of a Chameleon; include the mechanism that makes
it act like a “catapult”. How does its skeletal support & design differ from the typical Iguania clade tongue?
What other specializations do chameleons have that aid this method of capturing prey?
- Compare & describe the specialized adaptations for arboreality (climbing) in the Chameleon vs Geckos.
How do these atypical lizards find & track their prey? Hypothesize what differences you would expect in
their vision knowing that the Chameleon is a member of the Iguania clade & Geckos are primarily active at
night & they are members of the Scleroglossa clade.
