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Biology Exam 2: Q&A on Cellular Processes, Enzymes, and Photosynthesis, Exams of Biology

Virginia State University (VSU)Biology

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to key concepts in biology, particularly focusing on cellular processes, energy, and molecular biology. It covers topics such as chemical reactions, free energy, entropy, enzymes, photosynthesis, diffusion, osmosis, and cell structures. The material is presented in a question-and-answer format, making it useful for exam preparation and review. It includes detailed explanations of metabolic pathways like glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the calvin cycle, as well as cellular transport mechanisms and membrane properties. This resource is designed to help students understand and memorize essential biological concepts. (410 characters)

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/17/2025

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LSU Biol 1201 Exam 2 written questions
What type of chemical reaction is without outside energy? - Spontaneous (exergonic/downhill)
NOT INSTANTANEOUS
-decreasing enthalpy and increasing entropy
What is the equation for Free Energy? - deltaG=deltaH-TdeltaS
-free enrgy=enthalpy-(temp.)(entropy;disorder)
-high deltaS=low delta G
Entropy - Disorder:
-breakdown: increase in disorder, more parts
-synthesis: decrease in disorder, less parts
-high entropy=low free energy
Describle a Non-Living System: - -less organized (high entropy)
-lower energy (lower free energy)
-very slow
Fermentation - -glycolysis still occurs
-produces NO energy
Fermentaion Diagram: - Pyruvic Acid --> Ethanol (yeast and micro-organizms)& Lactic Acid
(Animals)
-Release of CO2
-Put in NADH+H+; put out NAD
What are organic catalysts? - Enzymes
What is almost all protiens (large and globular) and highly specific? - Enzymes
Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction by doing what? - Lowering the activation energy
What is the Enzyme Process? - Enzyme+Substrate--> Enzyme substrate complex--> Enzyme
product complex--> Enzyme+Product
-enzymes not consumed during this process**
What type of reaction requires outside energy? - 2. non-spontaneous: ex: food,ect.
(endergonic/uphill)
-increasing enthalpy and decreasing entropy
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LSU Biol 1201 Exam 2 written questions

What type of chemical reaction is without outside energy? - Spontaneous (exergonic/downhill) NOT INSTANTANEOUS -decreasing enthalpy and increasing entropy What is the equation for Free Energy? - deltaG=deltaH-TdeltaS -free enrgy=enthalpy-(temp.)(entropy;disorder) -high deltaS=low delta G Entropy - Disorder: -breakdown: increase in disorder, more parts -synthesis: decrease in disorder, less parts -high entropy=low free energy Describle a Non-Living System: - -less organized (high entropy) -lower energy (lower free energy) -very slow Fermentation - -glycolysis still occurs -produces NO energy Fermentaion Diagram: - Pyruvic Acid --> Ethanol (yeast and micro-organizms)& Lactic Acid (Animals) -Release of CO -Put in NADH+H+; put out NAD What are organic catalysts? - Enzymes What is almost all protiens (large and globular) and highly specific? - Enzymes Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction by doing what? - Lowering the activation energy What is the Enzyme Process? - Enzyme+Substrate--> Enzyme substrate complex--> Enzyme product complex--> Enzyme+Product -enzymes not consumed during this process** What type of reaction requires outside energy? - 2. non-spontaneous: ex: food,ect. (endergonic/uphill) -increasing enthalpy and decreasing entropy

If deltaG is negative what is the result? - Exergonic If deltaG is positive what is the result? - Endergonic The more compact the molecules are the more it has; more complex molecule= more. - -Free energy

  • DeltaG Describe a Living System: - -Highly organized (low entropy) -High energy (high free energy)
  • Fast -Use external energy source (energy) -Use oraganic catalyst:speed (enzyme) Substrate binds to active site and alters shape of enzyme: - Induced-Fit model -this creates a fit that promotes the reaction -they do not match up perfectly, but close enough Lock and Key Model: - -substrate does not alter shape of the enzyme -fit perfectly together Calvin Cycle: - -energy that drives this cycle originates from the light reactions -inputs 3 CO2-->(6 ATP-->6 ADP+P)-->(6 NADPH+H+--> 6 NADP)-->releases 3 G3P (halfway around the circle) --> (3 ATP--> ADP+P+) :back to the beginning; makes a circle... -cyclic photophosphorylation Where do we get energy from the Calvin Cycle? - -light reactions -non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorilation What is a Photosystem? - -A collection of several hundred pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane -Photosystems I and II What are reaction center modules? - Special versions of Chlorophyll A (P700 or P680) What are the Antenna Pigments for a Photosystem? - -200 Chlorophyll A -50 Chlorophyll B -50 other pigments Redox Reactions: Reduction- - additon of e- (adds energy); becomes (+) Redox Reactions: Oxidation- - take away e- (loses energy); becomes (-)

Properties of a permeable membrane: - - small

  • lipid Properties of a permease membrane: - - large
  • charged What is the movement of H2O across a semi-permiable membrane? - Osmosis -equilibrium still movement but not called osmosis because this only occurs when difference in H2O (ion) conception. -lower entropy=greater free energy Membrane bound protiens that faciliate movement of molecules across membrane? - Permease -highly selective= different for every molecule -passive= no energy Facilitated Diffusion: - high concentration (+deltaG)--> low (down gradient) -uses protien carrier or protien channel Active: - -requires energy -pumps (ex: K-/Na+ pump) -against concentration (&deltaG) gradient: low-->high Cystic Fibrosis: - -Genetic Disorder -effects sweat glands, fertility -located on the 7th chromosome -can be treated but not cured -causes mucus build up in the organs -defect in CL- ion channel
  • facilitated diffusion -Cl- moves out and H2O follows because molarity concentration What engulfs onjects in membrane bound vesicle? - Endocytosis (in) What does Phagocytosis mean and which transport is it located? - Large
  • In endocytosis What does Pinocytosis mean and which transport is it located? - Small (basically liquid intake) -In endobytosis What does receptor mean and which transport is it located? - medicated -In endocytosis

In cell walls, fungi have or. - cellulose or chitin (amino sugars) What membrane bound vesicle fuses with membrane and expels contents? - Exocytosis (out); NOT movement through a membrane Cell walls are structural pieces composed of. - carbohydrates Cell walls entity from cell. - seperate In cell walls, plants have. - cellulose In cell walls, bacteria have. - peptidoglycan (" ", AA) What 3 structures have cell adhesion (glues)? - 1. Plants -pectin (ripen fruit)

  • lectin
  1. Animals
  • collagen
  1. All protiens What 3 structures have cell adhesion (junctions)? - 1. Plants -plasmodesmata: connect cytoplasm
  2. Animals -tight, intermediary, desmosomes -like a screw
  3. Gap junction= cytoplasmic connection with a channel where items can move without a membrane In glycolysis what is produced? - Intermediates: ATPt: 4 ATPa: 4 2 NADH+H+ ATPt: 6 ATPa: 3 In pyruvic acid what is produced? - Intermediates: ATPt: ATPa: 2 NADH+H+ 6 3 In krebs cycle what is produced? - Intermediates: ATPt:2,18,4 ATPa:2,15, 6 NADH+H+ 2 PADH True or false? Cells are NOT the minimum organization of matter. - FALSE: cells ARE the minimum organization of matter.