Download Review of Macromolecules: A High School Biology Worksheet and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Name: Rohan Pandya
Review of Macromolecules
Macromolecule properties Complete the following chart 5.2-5. Biomolecule Elements Used Function Monomer/ Polymer Examples Carbohydrates -OSE C,H,O ● Quick energy ● Energy storage (long term energy) ● Structure (cellulose) ● Monosacc haride ● simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) ● Polysacch aride ● Complex carbs (starch, glycogen, cellulose) Starch (long term energy in plants) Glycogen (long term energy in animals) Cellulose (helps make up the cell wall - structure) Proteins C, H, O, N ● Transport substances ● Speed Reactions (ENZYMES) ● Provide Structural support ● Control cell growth ● Hormones that regulate cell behavior (ex: insulin) Amino acids polymer= polypeptide (many amino acids put together)
- Egg
- Keratin
- Enzymes
- Insulin
- Antibodies Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N,P ● Store (DNA) and communicate (RNA) genetic information Nucleotides (Phosphate group connected to a sugar connected to a nitrogen base) DNA/RNA
- DNA (A,T,G,C) Store info, double helix
- RNA (A,U,G,C) Transfer info, help with protein synthesis
Lipids C,H,O ● Long-term energy storage ● Makes up large portion of cell membrane (phospholipid ) ● Insulate animals bodies (keep them warm) ● Cushion and protect organs (fat) no real repeating monomer… hydrocarbons found in long fatty acid chains are considered monomer
- Butter (Saturated)
- Oil (unsaturated)
- Cholesterol
- Phospholipids
- Steroid hormones: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Proteins:
Explain the structure of an amino acid. Explain how it is possible for proteins to vary extensively when there are only 20 naturally occurring amino acids and what determines this variety. Variable (R) groups have different lengths and sequences which is why there are so many different proteins. What is a peptide? What is a polypeptide? A peptide chain of amino acids. A chain of many amino acids that are bonded together.
Explain why the structure of phospholipids are ideal for the structure and function of the cell membrane. Polar substances cant easily enter the hydrophobic lipid bilayer. THINKING QUESTION: Explain why people tend to store more fat with age. People's muscles shrink, which means more calories turn into fat. How do saturated and unsaturated fats affect your health? Saturated fats- raise your LDL cholesterol levels. Unsaturated fats- lower LDL cholesterol levels. List 3 examples of steroids. Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. ---FROM NOTES--- Define a saturated fatty acid. Provide one example of a saturated fatty acid. Type of fatty acid which the chains have single bonds with carbon atoms. They are also solid at room temp and are straight. Ex: olive oil. Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Provide one example of an unsaturated fatty acid. Type of fatty acid which the chains have double bonds with carbon atoms. Liquid at room temp. Ex: Butter.
Carbohydrates:
What elements make up a carbohydrate? What ratio are these always found in?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Describe a carbohydrate. What is the function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are sugar molecules. Give humans short-term energy. 1-2-1 ratio. What is a disaccharide? 2 monosaccharides bonded together. Ex: maltose, sucrose, lactose. Maltose= glucose + glucose Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose What are polysaccharides? Describe the structure and function of starch, cellulose, and glycogen. A chain of monosaccharides bonded together. Starch is used for plants to store energy. It is made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are linked together. Cellulose provides structural support for plants and is found in the cell wall. Its structure is a ribbon-shaped polymer of glucose molecules. Glycogen helps you regulate your blood sugar levels. It is formed from linear chains of of glucose. Study the diagrams below, which show carbohydrate molecules. Beside each molecule, write whether it is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.
- Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide
- Polysaccharide
Explain the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins. Nucleic acids are the building blocks of DNA. DNA provides instructions for cell functions. RNA converts the “instructions” AKA code into proteins to carry out the cellular functions. Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, lipid or nucleic acid.
- Carbohydrate Starch 9. Carbohydrate Polysaccharide
- Lipid Cholesterol 10. Lipid Phospholipid
- Lipid Steroid 11. Nucleic Acid DNA & RNA
- Carbohydrate Glycogen 12. Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
- Protein enzyme 13. Carbohydrate Cellulose
- Lipid saturated fat 14. Protein amino acid
- Protein polypeptide chain 15. Lipid unsaturated fatty acid
- Carbohydrate Glucose Part B. Identify the specific molecule (use the above terms) for each description. Some terms may be used more than once. Nucleic acid is used only once.
- Lipids provides long-term energy storage for animals
- Carbohydrates provides immediate energy
- Steroids sex hormones
- DNA stores hereditary information
- Phospholipids animal and plant structures
- Phospholipids forms the cell membrane of all cells
- Enzymes speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
- Glucose one sugar
- Amino Acids monomer of proteins
- Starch provides long-term energy storage for plants
- Cholesterol steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes
- Lipids soluble only in hydrophobic solvents
- Glycogen provides short-term energy storage for animals
- Polysaccharide many sugars
- Cellulose forms the cell wall of plant cells Part C. Which specific molecule (saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, cellulose) is each food mostly made of?
- Cellulose spinach 38. Saturated fat cream
- Protein beef jerky 39. Carbohydrates cranberries
- Saturated fat bacon 40. Protein egg white
- Starch noodles 41. Carbohydrates table sugar
- Carbohydrate orange juice 42. Starch popcorn
- Saturated fat cheese 43. Protein lobster
- Starch wheat 44. Unsaturated fat sesame oil
