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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
P.O Box 7062 Kampala Uganda
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY
WORKSHOP PRACTICE (TECH 1301)
MAINTENANCE, PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE MODULE
REPORT
Prepared by Group B2 Members
S/N Name Reg No. Course Signature
1 AHIMBISIBWE ISAAC 17/U/2209/PSA BSCM
2 ANYONGYERE ALVIN SMITH 17/U/96 BSCM
3 ARIHOONA BENERT 17/U/21110 BSCM
4 AZIMUURA MUHOORA 17/U/163 BSCM
5 GAI PETER 17/X/18167/PS BCIV
LECTURER’S NAME: Mr. BESIGYE JIMMY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2017- 2018
DATE: 19TH^ – JUNE - 2018
Page | ii Abstract This project report is prepared for academic purposes and it includes activities that have been done and discussed during the workshop practice for the academic year 2017-2018. It is entirely for Maintenance, Plumbing and Drainage module and it comprises of activities like painting and finishes applied to a house as discussed during the period of workshop. The following topics are discussed in this report. ➢ Floor finishes ➢ Wall finishes ➢ Ceiling finishes ➢ Window and doors ➢ Electrical finishes ➢ Roof types and finishes ➢ Water treatment, water supply, drainage systems and treatment of waste water.
- 1.0 INTRODUCTION Abstract ii
- 1.1 overview..................................................................................................................................................
- 1.2 Main Objective
- 1.3 Scope
- 2.0 MAINTENANCE
- 2.1 Functions of maintenance
- 2.2 Typical Maintenance Engineering Responsibilities
- 3.0 FLOOR FINISHES:
- 3.1 TERRAZZO:...............................................................................................................................................
- 3.2 TILES:
- 3 .3 TIMBER FINISHES:
- 3.4 CARPETS:
- 3.5 CEMENT SCREED
- 4.0 WALL FINISHES.
- 4.1 PLASTER AND DRYWALL FINISHES.
- 4.2 GYPSUM BOARDS.
- 4.3 TILES:
- 4.4 FACE BRICK.
- 4.5 PEBBLES FINISH
- 4.6 CORAL FINISH
- 4.7 WOOD PANELLING
- 4.8 SAND TEXTURED FINISH
- 4.9 WALLPAPER
- 4.10 PAINTING.
- 4.10.1 Maintenance of the School of Psychology Office Building:
- 4.10.2 Procedure of Painting:
- 5.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS
- 5.1 WINDOW AND DOOR TERMINOLOGY
- 5.2 DOORS
- 5.2.1 Types of Doors based on Placing of Components
- 5.2.2 Types of Doors based on Method of Construction:
- 5.2.3 Types of Doors based on Working Operations Page | iv
- 5.2.4 Types of Doors based on Materials:
- 5.3 WINDOWS
- 5.4 Fixtures and Fastening used in Doors and Windows
- 5.5 Standard Sizes of Doors and Windows
- 6.0 ELECTRICAL FINISHES
- 7.0 CEILING FINISHES
- 7.1 Advantages of the ceilings
- 7.2 Type of ceiling
- 7.3 Materials used in Ceiling Finishes
- 8.0 ROOF FINISHES
- 8.1 Types of roofs........................................................................................................................................
- 8.2 Roof Pitch
- 8.3 Different Types of Roofing Finishes
- 9.0 PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE
- 9.1 water sources
- 9.2 Common piping and plumbing fittings
- 9.3 Connection Methods
- 9.4 Pipes for Water Supply System
- 9.4.1 Cast Iron Pipes...................................................................................................................................
- 9.4.2 Steel Pipes
- 9.4.3 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes
- 9.4.4 Copper Pipes
- 9.4.5 Plastic or Polythene or PVC Pipes
- 9.4.6 Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
- 9.4.7 Concrete Pipes
- 9 .4.8 High-density polyethylene
- 9.4.9 PPR Pipes
- 9.5 Community Water Treatment...............................................................................................................
- 9.6 Water supply and sanitation in Uganda................................................................................................
- 9.6.1 Plumbing of a tank
- 9.6.2 Plumbing a House
- 9.7 DRAINAGE Page | v
- 9.7.1 Types of wastewater
- 9.7.2 Sources of wastewater......................................................................................................................
- 9.8 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS..............................................................................................................................
- 9.8.1 Combined sewer system
- 9.8.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Combined Sewer System
- 9.8.2 Separate sewer systems....................................................................................................................
- 9.8.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Separate System
- 9.9 WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.................................................................................................
- 9.9.1 Septic Tank
- 9.9.2 Lagoon Systems.................................................................................................................................
- 9.9.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lagoon Systems
- 9.9.3 Wastewater Chemical Treatment Processes
- 10.0 Conclusion
- 11.0 REFERENCES
- Figure 1: Illustration of power use in a house List of figures
- Figure 2: Reservoir Tank at Makerere Hill
- Figure 3: Three outlets at Makerere reservoir Tank
- Figure 4: Features of a Tank
- Figure 5: Inspection Chamber and Drainage Pipes
- Figure 6: Combined Drainage System
2.0 MAINTENANCE Maintenance Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying engineering concepts for the optimization of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to achieve better maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment. It refers to repairs done on a structure or finishes put on a structure.
2.1 Functions of maintenance
Maintenance functions comprise these separate components; servicing and cleaning, rectification, repair and replace, renovation, rehabilitation and modernization ➢ Servicing which is essentially a cleaning operation is undertaken at regular intervals of varying frequency and is sometimes termed day to day maintenance. ➢ Rectification work usually occurs fairly early in the life of the building and arises from short comings in design. ➢ Repairs are carried out to restore components and parts to functional standards. ➢ Renovation. Maintenance can also embrace renovation which consist of work done to restore a structure or service to the original design.
2. 2 Typical Maintenance Engineering Responsibilities
Typical responsibilities include; ➢ Assure optimization of the Maintenance Organization structure ➢ Analysis of repetitive equipment failures ➢ Estimation of maintenance costs and evaluation of alternatives ➢ Forecasting of spare parts ➢ Assessing the needs for equipment replacements and establish replacement programs when due ➢ Application of scheduling and project management principles to replacement programs ➢ Assessing required maintenance tools and skills required for efficient maintenance of equipment ➢ Assessing required skills required for maintenance personnel ➢ Reviewing personnel transfers to and from maintenance organizations ➢ Assessing and reporting safety hazards associated with maintenance of equipment
3.0 FLOOR FINISHES: Flooring is a general term for a permanent covering a floor or for installing a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Floor finishes applications and designs used in the industry depend mainly on the purpose and the type of floor being used. Choice of the appropriate floor finish may depend on the purpose of the wall such as; ➢ Appearance/Beauty. ➢ Sound insulation. ➢ Fire and water proof properties. ➢ Durability Some of the examples of floor finishes, application, merits and demerits may include.
3.1 TERRAZZO:
Terrazzo is a matrix of marble quartz or granite chips, glass, Portland cement and water or a synthetic resin. It is placed over a concrete under bed, steel decking or wood sub – floor that is structurally sound. It is commonly used because of its merits / advantages such as: ➢ Easy care and maintenance. ➢ It’s an ecofriendly material. ➢ Highly unbeaten durability. ➢ Ease to clean. Application : It is commonly used for high occupancy areas such as schools, hospitals.
3.2 TILES:
These are finishes made from natural clay or a manufactured composition made of other ceramic materials, quarry stone, plastic or metal. Tiles can be textured, smooth, embossed, patterned sculptured or engraved and available glazed or unglazed and can be available in many shapes, sizes, types and can be cut into nearly any configuration.
3.5 CEMENT SCREED
Concrete or cement finished floor is also used for its ability to be treated for different feel and its durability, such as polished concrete. Epoxy resurfacing of concrete flooring is used to update or upgrade concrete floor surfaces in commercial and residential applications It is commonly used because of the following advantages; ➢ Easy to maintain. ➢ Resistance to impact ➢ High durability. ➢ Ease to clean. Application : It is commonly used for high occupancy areas such as schools, hospitals, churches. 4.0 WALL FINISHES. A Wall is a structural element comprising of masonry units and mortar to serve purposes such as load bearing, sound insulation, space partitioning not to mention but a few. Wall finishes applications and designs used in the industry depend mainly on the purpose and the type of wall being used. These could be either of the following. ▪ External walls. These are walls subjected and exposed to weather elements and external environmental conditions. ▪ Internal walls. These are walls usually smoothed and are not subjected to external environmental conditions. Choice of the appropriate wall finish may depend on the purpose of the wall such as; ➢ Aesthetics and beauty. ➢ Sound insulation. ➢ Fire and water proof properties. ➢ Space partitioning and so on.
Some of the examples of wall finishes, application, merits and demerits may include.
4.1 PLASTER AND DRYWALL FINISHES.
Plaster and drywall are essentially the same material. However, drywall is manufactured while plaster is mixed and applied by trowel on site. Application : This wall finish is commonly used on interior walls, bedrooms, living rooms etc. This finish is commonly used because it is not expensive, relatively easy to apply, stable and afford good fire resistance.
4.2 GYPSUM BOARDS.
Gypsum plaster is made into several types of boards used for many different applications. its major advantage over plastering is that its time saving during installation and environmentally friendly since they can be recycled. This wall finish is also popular for its fire resistance and sound- resistance properties. Applications : Bathrooms, showers, stairwells, shaft walls, elevators and so on.
4.3 TILES:
Tiles can be textured, smooth, embossed, patterned sculptured or engraved and available glazed or unglazed and can be available in many shapes, sizes, types and can be cut into nearly any configuration. This finish mainly used for its aesthetics and beauty properties, difficult to stain, and the ease to clean. Demerits/ disadvantages of usage of tiles include. High cost (Expensive), ability to fade, and short-term durability Application: it’s mainly used on walls of bathrooms, showers, external finishing of curtain walls, and external walls.
4.4 FACE BRICK.
This finish is commonly used for external walls and made from natural clay. It comprises of masonry units (stone or brick) laid in a particular pattern using mortar for bonding. This is very popular because it’s very durable, cost effective, less maintenance costs, versatile, environmentally friendly and its beauty.
Primer: This is an opaque coating that must be applied to the bear surfaces of the substrate (wood, drywall, plaster). The primer soaks into the substrate so that subsequent coatings will bind to its surface allowing better coverage and durability. Many paints can be selected when determining the conditions of the substrate for example: ➢ Oil-based paints that harden to form a tough elastic film ➢ Fire-retardant paints with polyvinyl chloride and other substances. ➢ Rust- inhibiting paints with anti-corrosion pigments. etc. There are two types of paints which are commonly used in construction industry; Oil paints ; Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil, such as linseed oil. Water paints ; Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water e.g. emulsion paints. CASE STUDY:
4.10.1 Maintenance of the School of Psychology Office Building:
Tools and materials used Primer, Weather resistant paint, Paint brushes, Roller, Scrappers, Sand paper, Filler, Buckets, Ladders.
4.10.2 Procedure of Painting:
➢ Preparation of walls for painting. Sand paper, wire brushes were used to remove dust, previous layer of paint and to smoothen the wall surface for painting. ➢ Patching of cracks or holes. Filler was used in order to remove imperfections of uniformity. It was mixed with undercoat paint and small holes filled to have a uniform surface. ➢ Mixing and applying the Primer. The primer was mixed with water and two layers of undercoat applied using rollers and hand brushes where rollers could not work better. ➢ The primer was left to dry for a period of 24Hrs before applying the final coat of paint. ➢ The over coat (Silk paint) was the mixed with water and applied to the wall as final coat.
5.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS
5.1 WINDOW AND DOOR TERMINOLOGY
The window and door industry have a lot of specific words and expressions as discussed below; Frame : Outer structure of a window or door that holds the sash or panel in position Glazing : Glass in a window sash or door panel; the act of installing glass in a window sash or door panel Jamb Extension : Wood component fastened to the interior of the window/door that extends the window frame out to the wall depth Jamb : Window or door frame members that form the top and sides of a unit Mulling : Joining of two or more window or door units together; joint can run vertically, horizontally or both Panel : Refers to the rail, stile and glass assembly on a door; similar to a window sash Rail : Horizontal components of a window sash or door panel framework Head: this is the topmost horizontal part of the frame. Sash : The operating and/or stationary portion of the window unit that is separate from the frame. The sash consists of the following parts Sill : Horizontal member that forms the bottom of a window or door frame Spacer : Used to separate the two pieces of glass in an insulating glass panel. Stile : The vertical components of a window sash or door panel Threshold : transition door sill to the interior flooring Transom : A window above a window or door. Transoms can be either stationary or operating. Weep holes : Small holes placed on the exterior of a window or door that allows for water drainage
3. Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors For the simple battened and ledged door, frame work is provided in the form of two verticals, known as stiles. Stiles are generally 100mm wide and as far as thickness is concerned, the thickness of stile should be equal to the combined thickness of ledge and batten. Preferably 40 mm. 4. Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors In this type, the door made up of battens, ledges, stiles and braces. So, it is more rigid. The braces are connected diagonally between the ledges, at about 40mm from the stiles.
5.2.2 Types of Doors based on Method of Construction:
Based on the method of construction, the doors are again classified into 5 types and they are:
5. Framed and Panelled Doors These are very strong and will give good appearance when compared to battened doors. These are the widely used doors in almost all types of buildings. Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal members are grooved along the inner edges of frame to receive the panels. The panels are made up of timber or plywood or A.C. sheets or glass. These doors may be single leaf for narrow openings and double leaf for wider openings. Minimum width of stile should be 100mm and minimum width of bottom and locked rail should be 150mm. 6. Glazed Doors Glazed doors are generally provided in interior wall openings or in hospitals, colleges etc. The interior of room is visible through glazed doors and light also passes through glazed portion of the door. These may be fully glazed or partly glazed and partly panelled. Glass panels are provided for glazed doors.
7. Flush Doors In flush doors, a solid or semi-solid or core portion is covered on both sides with plywood or face veneer. Nowadays these types of doors are widely used because of good appearance, economic, ease of construction and greater durability. There are two types of Flushed doors: Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush Door ➢ The core part in solid core flush door consists of core strips of timber which are glued under high pressure condition. Similarly, in the laminated core, battens of 25mm width are glued under high pressure. ➢ These doors consist of wooden frame with stiles and rails for holding the core. ➢ Finally, plywood sheets or face veneer and cross-bands are glued under pressure on both side of doors. Hollow core and cellular core flush door ➢ In this case also stiles and rails are provided for frame. But, a minimum of two intermediate rails should be provided. ➢ The inner space of door consists of equally space battens of width 25mm each. Other space is called void space which does not exceed 40% of the area of door. ➢ Here also face veneer and cross-bands are glued under high pressure. 8. Louvered Doors The louvers permit natural ventilation when the door is closed and also provide privacy in the room. These are generally used for toilets of residential and public buildings. The door may be fully louvered are partly louvered. Louvers are made up of timber or glass or plywood and these may be either fixed or movable. 9. Wire Gauged Doors Wire gaged doors permits natural ventilation and restrict the entry of flies, mosquitoes, insects etc. These doors are commonly used in hotels, restaurants and for cup boards containing eatables.
17. Hollow Metal Doors Hollow steel sections are used to make these doors. The rails and stiles etc., are strengthened by welding small T or I section inside. 18. Metal Covered Plywood Doors This type of door is a composite construction of hollow metal door and wood door. The door is encased in tight fitting sheet metal, having tightly folded joints to exclude air so that the core of the door does not ignite. So, it acts as fire proof.
5.3 WINDOWS
TYPES OF WINDOWS
➢ Fixed Windows ➢ Pivoted Windows ➢ Double-Hung Windows ➢ Sliding Window ➢ Casement Windows ➢ Glazed Windows ➢ Louvered Windows ➢ Metal Windows ➢ Bay Windows ➢ Clerestory Windows ➢ Corner Windows ➢ Dormer Windows ➢ Awning Windows ➢ Skylight Windows
- Fixed Window. In this type, the glass pane is permanently fixed in the opening of the wall. The shutter can’t be opened or closed. The function is limited to allowing light and or permit vision in the room. No rebates are provided to the frame. The shutters are fully glazed. In homes they are generally decorative windows near doors, stairwells and high- places or are used in combination with other styles.
- Pivoted windows. In this type of window, the shutter is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame. The frame has no rebate. The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically. Vertical pivoted Horizontal pivoted
- Double-hung windows. It has two panes, top and bottom that slide up and down in tracks called stiles. The most common used windows today. When open, these windows allow air flow through half of its size. The two parts are not necessarily the same size.
- Sliding Window or Slider. Has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. Suitable openings or grooves are left in the frame or wall to accommodate the shutters when are shutters are opened.:
- Casement windows are hinged at the sides. When fully opened, offer the maximum amount of ventilation. Operates like a hinged door, except that it opens and closes with a lever inside the window. The shutter consists of styles, top rail, bottom rail and intermediate rail. Depending upon the design, the frame can have additional vertical and horizontal members i.e. mullion and transom respectively. The panels may be either glazed, unglazed or partly glazed and are fixed in the grooves made in rails and styles. 6. Glazed window. This is a type of casement window where panels are fully glazed. The frame has styles, top rail and a bottom rail. The space between top and bottom rail is divided into number of panels with small timber members called, sash bars or glazing bars. The glass panels are cut 1.5-3.0 mm smaller in size than the panel size to permit movement of sash bars. Glass panes are fixed to sash bars by putty or by timber beads.
- Louvered window. They are provided for the sole function of ventilation and not for the vision outside. The styles are grooved to receive a series of louvers which may be of glass or wood slates. The louvers re usually fixed at 450 inclinations sloping downward to the outside to run- off the rain water. The windows provide light and ventilation even if closed. Such windows are recommended for bath, WC, workshops etc., where privacy is more important. Venetian shutters use louvers which can be opened or closed. The louvers are pivoted at both ends in the frame and in addition each blade is connected to a vertical batten by hinge.
- Metal Windows. These are very popular in public buildings and can be made up of mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum, bronze etc. Mild steel being cheapest of all, they are widely used. The windows can be fabricated for the required size using light rolled steel sections. They can be fixed directly to the wall opening in a wooden frame or in the steel frame. While fixing, care has
